The Impact Of Anarchism On The Political Philosophies Of...

The political attitude today is not characterized by positivity and hope but of despair. Long gone are the days of the social political philosophies of the immediate past. Anarchism is not normative, it does not provide instructions on how to achieve absolute freedom, it only states that freedom and liberty can exist, anarchism is not an ideological movement, it is an ideological statement. People around the world prefer the values of freedom and equality above all other values, freedom and equality can be classified as even more important than personal wealth, technology, capitalism and even nationalism. Anarchism is an extremely broad ideology and there are important differences within the concept of the anarchism itself. There are many different definitions within the anarchism as there is no defined hypothesis to anarchism except that the government should not exist. Individualist anarchists and anarcho-capitalist have sympathy within the principles of free market liberalism, ho wever, this would not apply to social anarchists in general. In anarchy, people can assemble in any economic system they desire – socialism, capitalism, syndicalism etc. The market is itself a system, an institution with procedures, social relations and infrastructures whereby parties engage in exchange. Therefore the market is not directly linked to capitalism, as it can exist within any other ideology. Markets are institutions in which individuals or collective exchange goods and services.Show MoreRelatedEcologism1381 Words   |  6 Pagesindicators such as GNP and GDP on the basis that they take no account of environmental costs. This has led to the development of alternative economic indicators; these include ANP adjusted national product. Such indicators take into account environmental impact. Maximists have criticised such indicators on the basis that they are seen to condone the maximisation of throughput. Minamilats have tried to counter argue such a point by claiming that throughput can be reduced by such measures are recycling,Read MoreInternational Trade and Foreign Direct Investment6262 Words   |  26 Pagestheir rules and regulations. True; Easy 12. Global businesses can afford to ignore the political and legal climate in countries in which they currently operate. False; Easy 13. A main differentiator of political systems is each system’s philosophy on the rights of the individual and the group as well as the role of government. True; Easy 14. Most countries maintain a balance between anarchism and totalitarianism and the balance is often a reflection of the country’s history, cultureRead MoreInternational Trade and Foreign Direct Investment6272 Words   |  26 Pagesby their rules and regulations. True; Easy 12. Global businesses can afford to ignore the political and legal climate in countries in which they currently operate. False; Easy 13. A main differentiator of political systems is each system’s philosophy on the rights of the individual and the group as well as the role of government. True; Easy 14. Most countries maintain a balance between anarchism and totalitarianism and the balance is often a reflection of the country’s history, cultureRead MoreThe Protesters And The Streets Of Downtown Los Angeles Essay2423 Words   |  10 Pagescame from. What is your name and where and when where you born? My name is Ricardo Flores Magà ³n and I am the son of Teodoro Flores and Margarita Magà ³n. I was born on September 16 1874 in the city of San Antonio Eloxochitlà ¡n, located in the Mexican state of Oaxaca. This city has been known as an indigenous Mazatec community. Approximately 96% of the people living in the municipality speak the indigenous Mazatec language. Many years later the city was later named after me, Eloxochitlà ¡n de Flores Magà ³nRead MoreHerbert Spencer Essay13142 Words   |  53 Pages | Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) was an English philosopher, scientist, engineer, and political economist. In his day his works were important in popularizing the concept of evolution and played an important part in the development of economics, political science, biology, and philosophy. Herbert Spencer was born in Derby on April 27, 1820. His childhood, described in An Autobiography (1904), reflected the attitudes of a family whichRead MoreEssay on Anti Globalization3397 Words   |  14 PagesAntiglobalization Anti-globalization is a term used to describe the political stance of individuals and groups who oppose the neoliberal form of globalization (using the term globalization in a doctrinal sense not a literal one). Anti-globalization is also used to refer to opposition to international integration (using the term globalization in a literal sense not a doctrinal one). Anti-globalization can denote either a single social movement or an umbrella term that encompasses a number ofRead MoreCo Operative Society5798 Words   |  24 Pagesis a business organization owned and operated by a group of individuals for their mutual benefit.[1] A cooperative is defined by the International Cooperative Alliances Statement on the Cooperative Identity as an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise.[2] A cooperative may also be defined as a business owned and controlled equally by the people whoRead MoreTheories of Organizational Behavior10512 Words   |  43 Pageslifts us out of ‘bare life’. Organization is also intimately, and utterly, connected to thought. While many, and by no means just those in the West, think of themselves as ‘free’ from enslavement by others, and even free from the organization of the state, who can argue that they are also free from the pervasive effects of language, culture and science? These are matters into which we find ourselves ‘thrown’, long before we wake up to their organizing effects. If, indeed, we ever do wake up. For ifRead MoreOrganizational Behaviour Analysis28615 Words   |  115 PagesIndividual Level The Group Level The Organisation Level The Society Level Interactions between the Levels Morgan’s Metaphors The Metaphors in Brief The Machine Metaphor The Organic Metaphor The Brain Metaphor Cultural (Anthropological) Metaphor The Political Metapho r The Psychic Prison Metaphor Flux and Transformation The Dominance Metaphor Using the Metaphors References and bibliography Workshop Aims Workshop Objectives Reading Lists Core Texts 1 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 7 10 10 13 13 14 15 16 16 17 18

Case Study of Csd Industry, Rte Industry and Specialty...

A Comparison of the Carbonated Soft Drink, Ready-to-Eat Breakfast Cereal and Specialty Coffee Industries Using Porters Five Forces Michael Porter’s framework describes an industry as being influenced by five forces: buyer power, supplier power, threat of substitutes, threat of new entrants and the degree of rivalry between existing firms within the industry. A strategic business manager can use Porter’s model to more clearly understand the industry environment in which its firm operates and to therefore develop a competitive edge over rival firms. After analyzing the carbonated soft drink, ready-to-eat breakfast cereal and specialty coffee industries using this framework, I found that the three industries were very similar in their†¦show more content†¦According to the Cola Wars case, a bottling plant could cost as much as 75 million dollars and â€Å"Coke and Pepsi each required close to 100 plants to provide effective nationwide distribution.† (Yoffie , 3). Additionally, Coke and Pepsi have deals with many distribution channels; such as cooperative merchandising agreements and franchise agreements with their bottlers that forbids the bottlers from carrying â€Å"directly competing brands.† (Yoffie, 3). These agreements limited the ability of new entrants to utilize the distribution channels that would make them successful in the industry. Lastly, Coke, Pepsi and Cadburry Schwepps claimed about 89.3 percent of the soft drink industry, with Coke and Pepsi accounting for the majority. The ability of a new entrant to wedge itself between these highly established branded firms and their loyal consumers is nearly impossible. Likewise, brand loyalty to the major firms in the ready-to-eat cereal industry was strong as these companies alone accounted for 59% percent of the industries’ sales by volume in 1993 and for about 86 percent of market shares in the industry. (Corts, 2). Also similar to the carbonated soft drink industry are the rest of the major barriers to entry in the ready-to-eat cereal industry: capital requirements, access to distribution channels

Critical Review Business Process Management

Question: Discuss about theCritical Review for Business Process Management. Answer: Introduction: A Critical Review on Keziere, R. (2009) 'Prepare to Demoliosh Application Silos', Information Management, April, pp. 23-26. The conceptual frameworks which are being used in the business world are characterized through degree of variance. The various terminologies used in the business are different according to the scenarios in the business. Therefore, the conceptual frameworks required to be streamlined according to the nature of business and thus, various things in business could be simplified. Thus, the author tries to state that a demystification of business processes is necessary and it would improve management in the business organizations. In nutshell, business process management, enterprise application integration, and ERPs are required for the establishment of strategies in an organization according to the expectations and demands of clients (Al-Mashari, Al-Mudimigh and Zairi, 2003). There should be a continuous growth in a business and efficiency of business should be optimized. The topic discussed by the author is in the terms of the increment of efficiency of business by increasing the efficiency of entities of business. Challenges such as competency and competition should be kept in mind while strategizing comprehensive plans for an organization. Business process management can help in dealing with these kinds of challenges. This section consists of the critical review about the author's paper. The effectiveness of the article would be analyzed as well as discussed with the concept of business process management. The strengths and weaknesses of the article are examined (Bancroft, Seip and Sprengel, 1997). The author starts with the concepts of business and its definitions. There are various sub-divisions and sectors in business world and hence, all theories of business are not applicable in each and every sector of business. The variations in the application of theories have undermined the perspectives of business. Other than this, the author tries to provide an idea of central repository system. Therefore, uniformity in different processes of business could be achieved through this kind of system. Further, the article shows ERP as one of the best solutions in modern business. But, the concept should be applied according to the organization. The author tries to describe the various aspects of business process management. The author emphasizes on the addition of business process management and considers it as a valuable aspect. In this way, the organization can work on the aspect of competitiveness. Moreover, ERP is valuable for business process management (Aladwani, 2001). The article has various weaknesses and strengths. The advantages of the review are that it is focused on the role of conceptual frameworks in the world of business in current scenario. It can be considered that the perspectives which are discussed are essential for increasing the operational capacity of the business. Business process management is extensively evaluated in this article. Moreover, the evaluation for enhancing the execution of theories in the process of business in organization remains pertinent. The weaknesses of the article would include the failure of author to include case studies in the article, which shows the execution of business process management in various organizations. The author does not try to integrate empirical framework in the analysis (Berger and Luckmann, 1996). Various aspects are obvious in the analysis provided by the author. The author concentrates on the demystification of BPM. In other words, BPM encloses the foundation of strategies in an organization which would depend on the needs and demands of clients. There are many sectors in modern business world and every business theory is not applicable on every sector (Brocke, 2010). A Critical Review of Da Xu, L. (2011) 'Enterprise Systems: State-of-the-Art and Future Trends', IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 630-640. Enterprise information system are used as the tools for the extension of business processes and integration of those processes in a business. It can be helpful in both interorganizational and intraorganizational levels. The introduction of ES has been possible due to the revolution in the field of business informatics. Global economy and advancement in the field of information technology has also been a boosting factor for enterprise systems. Manufacturing industries and services need enterpsise system for the integration of information and, information technlogy has helped enterprise systems in improving the fucntions of the industry. In earlier times, FIS (functional information system) were used for partial integration of business functions. But Enterprise sytems like ERP are used for proper business integration. In this way, businesses can achieve competitiveness, competency and efficiency. The popularity of ERPs is increasing in small and medium scale industries. The paper conce ntrates on the implementation of ERP and its role in organizational success in future (Carlino and Kelly, 2000). The advancement in the field of information integration techniques in the industries have contributed immensely to the utilization of enterprise systems. Moreover, different techniques are used in examining enterprise systems. The factors used for examining ES are grid computing, service oriented architecture, enterprise application integration, workflow management and business process management. Many applications need a part of every technique and thus, it results into the increment of utilization of enterprise systems (Chakraborty and Sharma, 2007). Thus, author has discussed the rate of acceptance of enterprise systems in today's business world. He also discusses about the techniques which are used for the selection ES tools in business processes. The author relates the research with the surveys focused on the field of development of enterprise systems which is related to industrial informatics (Chen, 2001). A complete overview of enterprise systems is provided by the author in this article. Moreover, author has tried to compare industry oriented ES and ES used for general purpose. He states that ES makes sure that the information in the organization is shared among different functional areas in the organization (Da Xu, 2011). The author describes the difference between ERP and ERP III. Further, technlogies which are helping ERP systems are clearly defined in the article. Though author has not got deep into the process of data collection in business process (which is considered as the lifeline for the ES systems). The article tries to show the improvement of business process due to ERP systems and succeeded to an extent. The importance of process modeling for the process of industrial informatics is evident. The author tries to show the relationship between operations and integration of inforamtion, but could not provide accurate references for the topic. But, other techniques such as se rvice oriented architecture and EAI are defined and discussed by the author(Davenport, 2000). The aim of the author to study about the recent trends related to enterprise systems is fulfilled through this article. The author, though considers different challenges regarding implementation of ES in the organizations, it is has been clearly stated that efforts are needed to improve ES and the demand of ES would be increasing in future and it will emerge as a future trend. A Critical Review on Yusufa, Y., Gunasekaranb, A. and Abthorpe, M.S. (2004) 'Enterprise Information Systems Project Implementation: A case study of ERP in Rolls-Royce', International Journal of Production Economics, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 251-266. Active players are required in the global market so that businesses could be internationalized. The standard of operations is set through globalization of operations. Various sectors have plunged into business world and the factors of modern business warefare have increased from quality and price to competitiveness, responsiveness and flexibility. Therefore, several organizations have utilized outsourcing as an alternative and decentralized functions of their business. Hence, it comes with the difficulty of integrating or coordinating the processes in the organization. Modern technologies though help in the integration of various business processes in an organization. Different systems such as ERP manufacturing resource planning have been a necessary part of the organization in terms of integration. Different firms round the globe are utilizing ERP systems to re-engineer the processes in their business. They use ERP to enhance their business processes according to their requirements. The author tries to emphasize on the execution of enterprise system project with the help of analysis of the case study of enterprise resource planning in Rolls-Royce (Aladwani, 2001). The author has described the concepts of internationalisation and economic globalization in the beginning of the article. It has been stated in the article that the above said factors are necessary to acheive competitive edge in a business. Execution of ERP and other information system enhance integration in the business process. Though, there are business processes where execution of ERP systems have failed and the reason for failure lies on the obselete management during the execution of information systems. The paper focuses on the successful execution of ERP and the case study of Rolls-Royce was analyed in the paper (Yusufa, Gunasekaranb and Abthorpe, 2004; Holt, 1999). The paper tries to analyze the case study in depth and tries to find out the problems, which were faced by the company during the execution of enterprise resource planning. It uses the case study methodology to find the different aspects of ERP implementation. The merits of the paper are that the authors have also discussed issues related to business, operations and work culture during the execution of ERP. They have tried to go in-depth of the issues. But, the demerit with the paper was that the difficulties related to ERP execution was narrowed down to a particular software SAP R/3 and authors failed to shed light on other software packages. The results of the project are time constraint and require an amount of time to demonstrate results. Moreover, the sustainibility of EIS requires to be analyzed further. Further, the paper focuses on the small scale implementation of ERP. The idea of execution of ERP system in large scale is not clearly defined. Hence, in nutshell, further research should be performed for enhancing the advantages of information systems in the organization (Trunick, 1999). A Critical Review on Helo, P., Anussornnitisarn, P. and Phusavat, K. (2008) 'Expectation and Reality in ERP Implementation: Consultant and Solution Provider Perspective', Industrial Management Data Systems, vol. 108, no. 08, pp. 1045-1059. In today's generation, the information systems are becoming very important for all the organizations whether it is public or private. Now that the globalization is increasing widely, if the supply chain is complex, the organizations may need more tools to manage their activities. The fundamental tool in that case for the competitive organizations is Information System. The Enterprise resource planning is the most mentioned information system in business and research news. ERP is an integrated system that does not require periodic updates but operates in real time. It automatically coordinates the activities between different applications like inventory, production control and accounting departments. It uses the database technology to integrate and control all the business information like supplier, employee, product, customer and financial data. Though Enterprise resource planning has greatly evolved and developed around the world lately, but implementing it is still a difficult task faced by the organizations. The main problems faced by the organizations are that of over budget and the time required for the implementation. Another issue noticed was that implementation of many ERP failed to achieve the expectations and targets of the organization. According to a study, 90% ERP projects in terms of project management were considered as a failure. Many companies even abandoned ERP implementation. The failure was mostly due to the difficulties faced in t he implementation phase irrespective of the organization's investment in the project. The technological related issues were not the one faced in ERP implementation but mostly human related and organization issues like organizational culture, resistance to change, project mismanagement, incompatible business processes etc.(Elbertsen and Van Reekum, 2008). Many researches have been conducted lately to know about the success and failures of ERP implementation in an organization that experienced ERP implementation. A number of ERP consultants and providers were questioned about their experience of ERP implementation. The results were analyzed and suggestions were made for the improvement (Jeston, 2012). The results concluded that there was a trade-off situation between the customization requirements and generic purpose systems related to business types and industries. Many mid-sized companies were driven towards ERP adoption due to comparison of software with the company's business process and competitive pressure (Keziere, 2009). Adjustment of the ERP system with respect to business reality is obvious. For small scale software packages, flexibility is difficult but large scale software packages like MySAP and Oracle offer different ways to use parameter control for processes and sometimes even industry specific solutions. An ERP system though difficult to implement but if once implemented correctly can give many advantages and benefits by Aladwani (2001) , Al-Mashari et al. (2003) , Carlino Kelly (2000), Chakraborty Sharma (2007), and Elbertsen Van Reekum (2008) saving time and expense of an organization. The decisions are made quick and with fewer errors by the management. The integration leads to many benefits like sales forecasting, order tracking, chronological history of the transactions, revenue tracking etc. ERP also centralizes business data which helps in eliminating the need to synchronize the changes and improve data security. Apart from these positive aspects, it also has some negative points which cannot be ignored like the customization is a problematic issue also, the re-engineering of business processes may affect the competitiveness or divert the focus from the critical issues that need more attention(Al-Mashari and Zairi, 2000). A Critical Review on Abdinnour-Helm, S., Lengnick-Hall, M.L. and Lengnick-Hall, C.A. (2003) 'Pre-implementation Attitudes and organizational Readiness for Implementing an Enterprise Resource Planning System', European Journal of Operational Research, vol. 146, no. 2, pp. 258-273. The Enterprise systems (ES) has been popular in both the public and the private sector in the past decade. They were introduced in the market in the 1990s looking at the increasing tendency for globalization acquisitions and mergers and another way to improve and optimize the operations in business. The implementation of the enterprise system is very complex due to the data standardization and wide integration, adopting the best-practice models of business that involve re-engineering of business process, and lastly, the involvement of huge number of stake holders. Few companies have gained remarkable progress in productivity and speed while others experienced failure prone implementations of ES (Bancroft, Seip and Sprengel, 1997; Berger and Luckmann, 1996; Davenport, 2000). The referred research paper tells about the enterprise systems that were successfully re-implemented. The example has been given to illustrate is Scandinavian high tech company, which was able to implement ES successfully even after facing some problems like insufficient change management, issues in outsourcing partners and lack of support from top management. To identify the factors that were responsible for the success, Multi theory approach is used. The multi theory approach incorporates both contextual theory and institutional theory. Institutional factors have been recognized along with the mainstream list of critical success factor. The major finding that the research concluded was that the local expert's explanation of ES implementation is of great importance. However, contextual factors cannot be ignored as well(Abdinnour-Helm, Lengnick-Hall and Lengnick-Hall, 2003; Poirier and Walker, 2005). The most important point about the paper is that it has used Multi theory approach in order to identify the factors that contributed to the success of re-implementation of ES. The approach was supported by Chen and Rossi because of its ability to use the resources for social reform and its contribution for development of social science theory. It has coupled both the contextual and institutional theory. Also, the interpretive paradigm has been incorporated in the paper whose aim is to understand the subjective meanings of the organization. The interpretive paradigm can be used to understand the happenings in social environment and also what it is meant for the ones who are experiencing those events according to Wright and Losekoot. The use of interpretive paradigm has been helpful in collecting the information related to real time scenarios, which was necessary to analyze the institutional factors. Hence, the decision of selecting interpretive paradigm was considered a better choice( Svejvig, 2011). The thing that was appreciated most about this paper was the idea of using deviant case study from the previous studies for identifying the factors that have influenced the enterprise system implementation. A new gateway for the future researches has been opened up by deviating from the concept of core idea. Another thing that should be taken into consideration is the Multi theory approach used in order to investigate those factors and interpretive paradigm for examining the scenarios of real time has added great value to this paper. References Abdinnour-Helm, S., Lengnick-Hall, M.L. and Lengnick-Hall, C.A. (2003) 'Pre-implementation attitudes and organizational tional readiness for implementing an enterprise resource planning system', European Journal of Operational Research, vol. 146, no. 2, pp. 258-273. Aladwani, A. (2001) 'Change management strategies for successful ERP implementation', Business Process Management, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 266-275. Al-Mashari, M., Al-Mudimigh, A. and Zairi, M. (2003) 'Enterprise resource planning: A taxonomy of critical factors', European Journal of Operational Research, vol. 146, no. 2, pp. 352-364. Al-Mashari, M. and Zairi, M. (2000) 'The effective application of SAP R/3: A proposed model of best practice', Logistics Information Management, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 156166. Bancroft, N.H., Seip, H. and Sprengel, A. (1997) Implementing SAP R/3: How to Introduce a Large System into a Large Organization, 2nd edition, Prentice Hall. Berger, P.L. and Luckmann, T. (1996) The Social Construction of Reality. A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge, New York: Double Day. Brocke, J.V. (2010) International handbook on information systems, New York: Springer. Carlino, J. and Kelly, J. (2000) AMR research predicts ERP market will reach $66.6 billion, [Online], Available: https:/www.amrresearch.com/press/files/99518.asp [12 August 2016]. Chakraborty, S. and Sharma, S.K. (2007) 'Enterprise resource planning: an integrated strategic framework', International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 533-551. Chen, I.J. (2001) 'Planning for ERP systems: Analysis and future trend', Business Process Management Journal, vol. 07, no. 05, pp. 374386. Da Xu, L. (2011) 'Enterprise Systems: State-of-the-Art and Future Trends', IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 630-640. Davenport, T.H. (2000) 'Mission Critical: Realizing the Promise of Enterprise Systems', Harvard Business School Press. Elbertsen, L. and Van Reekum, R. (2008) 'To ERP or not to ERP? Factors influencing the adoption decision', International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 310-330. Helo, P., Anussornnitisarn, P. and Phusavat, K. (2008) 'Expectation and reality in ERP implementation: consultant and solution provider perspective', Industrial Management Data Systems, vol. 108, no. 08, pp. 1045-1059. Holt, L. (1999) 'Competition heats up in ERP', Info World, vol. 21, no. 6, p. 65. Jeston, J. (2012) Business process management, Burlington: Butterworth-Heinemann. Keziere, R. (2009) 'Prepare to Demoliosh Application Silos', Information Management, April, pp. 23-26. Poirier, C.C. and Walker, I. (2005) Business process management applied: creating the value managed enterprise, Boca Raton: J. Ross Publishing. Svejvig, P. (2011) 'A Successful Enterprise System Re-Implementation Against All Odds-A Multisourcing Case Study', Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 3-31. Trunick, P.A. (1999) 'ERP: Promise or pipe dream?', Transportation Distribution, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 2326. Yusufa, Y., Gunasekaranb, A. and Abthorpe, M.S. (2004) 'Enterprise information systems project implementation: A case study of ERP in Rolls-Royce', International Journal of Production Economics, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 251-266.

Pay to Play When Is It Time to Use Paid Promotion

In a perfect world, great content alone would be enough for you to reach your content marketing goals. Fresh, engaging content would stand out in the crowd and get all the attention it deserves. Unfortunately, real-life content marketing doesn’t always work that way. The online landscape is saturated with rapidly-increasing amounts of valuable content and there’s only so much information that people can consume. Free Actionable Bonus: Free Actionable Bonus: Want to create better content for social media? Get the complete guide to building a social media strategy and creating content for social, plus 6 awesome examples to inspire your next post. You can take the slow and steady route to organically grow your audience with great content. But with supply often outpacing demand, even high-quality content can slip through the cracks. So, how do you get a competitive edge when there is so much content being produced? Paid promotion might be one answer. Understanding Paid Promotion Before diving too deeply into the nuts and bolts of paid content promotion, it’s important to make the distinction between paid and organic promotion. There are many organic channels for content promotion that can help boost your visibility: SEO techniques Social media Influencer marketing Webinars and other live events Word-of-mouth While these organic promotion methods don’t involve spending any money, they do require a fair amount of creativity, effort and perseverance. Customizing for your target audience can also be more difficult with organic promotion strategies. That’s why paid content promotion can serve as a valuable complement to your existing organic promotion strategy. The concept of paid promotion isn’t new. In fact, a SocialBakers study from 2013 showed that even then, 77% of Facebook pages were relying on paid traffic for promotion. Facebook: This channel remains the top choice among marketers for paid promotion because of the excellent targeting capabilities and broad reach. LinkedIn: This networking platform offers some great paid-promotion options for marketers, especially in the B2B realm. LinkedIn has proven to generate more leads for B2B businesses than Twitter, Facebook or blogs. Pinterest: If your business produces some great visuals, Promoted Pins can be an effective way to get you seen by a wider audience. Twitter: You might not have thought of Twitter as a paid-promotion channel, but the platform presents some valuable opportunities. Research shows that 74% of consumers follow brands on Twitter to receive updates and promoted tweets ensure that your content is reaching the most qualified audience. Outbrain: The Outbrain platform allows you to promote your content as â€Å"recommended articles† on other websites. Similar content-discovery networks include Taboola and LinkWithin. Search engine advertising: Search ads allow for laser-focused targeting and offer options for virtually any budget. Not only does paid promotion require little manual effort in comparison to organic methods, but it also allows you to present your content to a highly-targeted audience. Is It Worth It? Even marketers who are enthusiastic about the benefits of paid promotion may have some lingering concerns about the cost. How can you make sure you’re maximizing ROI and not wasting money? The best way to ensure that you’re squeezing the most value out of your paid promotions is to do your research before you jump in. Analyze the performance of your organic content promotion and use the data to identify content that would make the best candidates for paid promotion. When it comes to ROI, having clear goals is key. Identify and track the KPIs associated with your goals to see if you’re getting the needed bang for your paid-promotion buck. If you’ve been struggling to boost your visibility with your target audience, paid content promotion may be a way to give you a boost. It can help you cut through the noise and actually reach the people you need to turn into customers. Not all paid promotion platforms are costly, and the ROI they can generate can make the cost worthwhile.

Free Essays on Internal Dissent

Anti-War Movement The antiwar movement actually consisted of a number of independent interests, often only vaguely allied and contesting each other on many issues, united only in opposition to the status quo. Attracting members from college campuses, middle-class suburbs, labor unions, and government institutions, the movement gained national prominence in 1965, peaked in 1968, and remained powerful throughout the duration of the conflict. (DeBenedetti) Encompassing political, racial, and cultural spheres, the antiwar movement exposed a deep schism within 1960s American society. But widespread opposition within the government did not appear until 1968. The antiwar movement became both more powerful and, at the same time, less cohesive between 1969 and 1973. Most Americans pragmatically opposed escalating the U.S. role in Vietnam, believing the economic cost too high; in November of 1969 a second march on Washington drew an estimated 500,000 participants. (Garfinkle) At the same time, most disapproved of the counterculture that had arisen alongside the antiwar movement. The clean-cut, well-dressed SDS members, who had tied their hopes to McCarthy in 1968, were being subordinated as movement leaders. Their replacements deservedly gained less public respect, were tagged with the label "hippie," and faced much mainstream opposition from middle-class Americans uncomfortable with the youth culture of the period-long hair, casual drug use, promiscuity. (DeBenedetti) The movement regained solidarity following several disturbing incidents. In February 1970 news of the My Lai massacre became public and ignited widespread outrage. In April President Nixon, who had previously committed to a planned withdrawal, announced that U.S. forces had entered Cambodia. Within minutes of the televised statement, protesters took to the streets with renewed focus. Then, on 4 May, Ohio National Guardsmen fired on a group of student protesters at Kent Sta... Free Essays on Internal Dissent Free Essays on Internal Dissent Anti-War Movement The antiwar movement actually consisted of a number of independent interests, often only vaguely allied and contesting each other on many issues, united only in opposition to the status quo. Attracting members from college campuses, middle-class suburbs, labor unions, and government institutions, the movement gained national prominence in 1965, peaked in 1968, and remained powerful throughout the duration of the conflict. (DeBenedetti) Encompassing political, racial, and cultural spheres, the antiwar movement exposed a deep schism within 1960s American society. But widespread opposition within the government did not appear until 1968. The antiwar movement became both more powerful and, at the same time, less cohesive between 1969 and 1973. Most Americans pragmatically opposed escalating the U.S. role in Vietnam, believing the economic cost too high; in November of 1969 a second march on Washington drew an estimated 500,000 participants. (Garfinkle) At the same time, most disapproved of the counterculture that had arisen alongside the antiwar movement. The clean-cut, well-dressed SDS members, who had tied their hopes to McCarthy in 1968, were being subordinated as movement leaders. Their replacements deservedly gained less public respect, were tagged with the label "hippie," and faced much mainstream opposition from middle-class Americans uncomfortable with the youth culture of the period-long hair, casual drug use, promiscuity. (DeBenedetti) The movement regained solidarity following several disturbing incidents. In February 1970 news of the My Lai massacre became public and ignited widespread outrage. In April President Nixon, who had previously committed to a planned withdrawal, announced that U.S. forces had entered Cambodia. Within minutes of the televised statement, protesters took to the streets with renewed focus. Then, on 4 May, Ohio National Guardsmen fired on a group of student protesters at Kent Sta...

How does temperature affect the viscosity of oils Essay Example

How does temperature affect the viscosity of oils Essay Example How does temperature affect the viscosity of oils Essay How does temperature affect the viscosity of oils Essay PredictionI predict that as the temperature of the oil increases the viscosity will increase. This means that the ball bearing will drop down quicker as the oil is heated. I think this because when the oil is heated the molecules will vibrate because they are given energy by the heat. This causes the molecules to move apart leaving gaps in between which the ball bearing will be able to move through easily.MethodTake a glass tube and hold it in a clamp stand. Mark up to where you want to put the oil. Fill up to the mark with C6 oil at room temperature. Then drop a ball bearing from the rim of the glass tube. Make sure you start the watch at the exact same time as you drop the ball bearing. Stop the watch as soon as the ball bearing touches the bottom of the tube and put the time of this in the results table. Do this three times and take the average.Repeat these steps for C8, C10, C12 and C16 oils at room temperature. Put the jars of oil into a beaker of water and use a Bunsen burner t o heat it. Try and prevent the water going over the top of the jars of oil, as the water may go into the oils and this would affect the results. When the oil is heated to the required temperature repeat what you did for the oils at room temperature. The oils should be heated to 30à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C then 40à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, then 50à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, then 60à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, and finally 70à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C.ApparatusClamp, Clamp stand, Glass tube, Ball bearing, Bunsen burner, Tripod, Gauze, Water, 250ml beaker, Stopwatch, Thermometer, C6, C8, C10, C12, and C16 oils.DiagramPreliminary DiagramPreliminary WorkMy preliminary work helped me significantly to write my plan. Through trying to carry out some practice tests, I found that it was hard and not particularly accurate if I just picked up the ball bearing and dropped it from a little bit above the tube because then my results will be inaccurate. This is why I decided to drop the ball bearing from the rim of the glass tube. This meant it would always be t he same force being put on the ball bearing. My preliminary work has also helped me to determine what the angle the tube should be at. The reason I chose to have the tube at 35à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ to the tabletop was that at 90à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ the ball bearing fell much too fast making it difficult to measure the time. However at 0à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ to the table the ball bearing didnt move at all, thats why I chose a position between the two. This meant it would move down fairly quickly but not too fast as that we couldnt time it.Here are some of our resultsTube angled at Tube angled at Tube angled at90à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 35à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1st time recorded 0.35 secs N/A* 1.96 secs2nd time recorded 0.39 secs N/A* 1.92 secsVariable FactorsOne of many variable factors would be the gradient of the tube. This must be kept at the same angle 35à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. An easy way to do this is to leave the clamp alone and only open and close the claw part of the clamp. Another factor is the temperature of the oil s. To do this you must measure the oils temperature and make sure that you measure the oil, not just the water they are being heated in. The height of which the ball bearing is dropped should be kept the same so that it doesnt gather more momentum before it hits the oil. That is why it must be dropped from the same height; I chose the rim because then I know it will always be the same. The ball bearing you use must be the same because then the resistance of the ball bearing will be the same.Accurate ResultsTo ensure that I get accurate results I will try and keep the entire variable factors the same all the way through the experiment. If I do this then it will not only make sure that my results will be accurate but it will make sure that the only thing I will be experimenting is the viscosity of the oils and how temperature affects it. I will not be testing anything else.Range of ResultsI want to take 5 times from each of the oils at each temperature. If I do this then I will be abl e to take an average score. This is a good thing because it means that if I mess up one of the drops then it wont matter as much because I will take an average of the 5 times.I will set out my table like this:E.g. Oil C6OilRoom temperature35à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C65à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C80à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½CC61st Time2nd Time3rd Time4th TimeAverageResultsOilRoom temperature35à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C65à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C80à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½CC61st Time1.151.181.030.720.752nd Time1.151.060.930.810.833rd Time1.251.081.091.010.94th Time1.181.190.960.970.815th Time1.251.140.870.970.82Average1.1961.130.9760.8960.822C81st Time1.591.391.10.990.82nd Time1.711.311.211.080.933rd Time1.611.491.11.10.944th Time1.811.511.121.230.985th Time1.541.561.151.090.89Average1.6521.4521.1361.0980.908C101st Time2.141.861.441.611.042nd Time2.171.881.551.140.973rd Time2.131.841.51.161.014th Time1.192.011.491.121.015th Time2.321.991.541.150.98Average1.991.9161.5041.2361.002C121st Time2.71.921.571.1612nd Time2.672.181.661.251.053rd Time2.672.011.631.150.974th Time2.811.961.641.151.025th Time2.691.951.621.291.1Average2.7082.0041.6241.21.028C161st Time4.813.362.772.491.812nd Time4.713.362.792.221.563rd Time4.923.562.682.431.644th Time4.753.523.142.311.575th Time4.93.613.082.421.74Average4.8183.4822.8922.3741.664AnalysisFrom my table and graph I can see that

Requirements for the Corporate Computing Function Assignment

Requirements for the Corporate Computing Function - Assignment Example This allows the large pool of clients to be served and interact well with the staff in a real-time manner. This entails the necessity for on-demand allocation and provisioning of computer resources, provisioning of complex networks, and complex data storage resources. The management wants to start using cloud computing in a big way and has evaluated services from several vendors, but its affiliate company which could be either the provider of goods and services has limited its cloud usage so far because the economics are not yet suitable. Two reasons for this are the complexity of incorporating software from different vendors in the cloud, and the fact that the management would incur additional costs if it tried to handle the integration on its own (Corbatà ³, 2012). Unforeseen costs can also arise from the need to test the software before migrating to the cloud. The added expense may be due to the untangling of the maze of the versions of the operating systems and databases. It can cost the management tens of thousands of dollars per year in shifting large volumes of data to public cloud services and to store it over long periods of time. These costs are only unexpected if the management doesn’t fully understand the cloud model. For example, a CPU’s capacity and storage needs have costs which if well researched can be handled and be done in a more cost-effectively manner. iii). The importance of satisfying special computing needs regarding various departments is memory management which ultimately satisfies the protection, sharing, relocation and organization of data within the management of the organization. 3. The additional point to be included so as to address the topic of security as an inclusion in the mission statement is memory protection within the organizational management, to curb cyber crimes like intellectual property theft. Protection of memory is very critical in the operations of computer systems because it prohibits unauthorized

Global Sourcing - Defining Global Capital Market Opportunities close Essay

Global Sourcing - Defining Global Capital Market Opportunities close - Essay Example p.). As such, global sourcing of capital could be described as a practice of sourcing funds from the global market/fund through the use of financial instruments such as stocks, mutual funds and engaging services of intermediaries. All investments have risks, and these are described as the systematic risk and unsystematic risks. Systematic risks are those risks that could not be diversified or eliminated, usually a big event that will set off a loss of economic value or confidence in the financial system. Examples are war, inflation, fluctuations of interest that affect the entire economy. Unsystematic risks are those belonging to the company alone. Examples are fires, natural disasters, or falling of sales. Risks in investments could not be eliminated, however, systematic risks could be measured and expected market returns are calculated through statistical method of regression analysis. Regression analysis makes use of Beta coefficient. A Beta coefficient is a measure of volatility that says, â€Å"a beta of 1 means that the security’s price will move with the market; less than 1 means that the security price will be less volatile in the market, and a beta of more than 1 indicates that the security’s price will be more volatile in the market† (Investopedia, n. p.). A beta >1 scheme offers greater returns but at the same time presents more risks. Example: high-tech stocks have a beta >l, while utilities have

A California Thanksgiving Essay Example for Free

A California Thanksgiving Essay In November 2012, my dad and I traveled to San Francisco for the Thanksgiving holiday. We had already done both of our family Thanksgivings, so it was the perfect opportunity to get away. Even without many plans, we were able to take a drive down the coast to Monterey, explore San Francisco, and see the beautiful college town of Palo Alto, all at our own pace. Our trip started with a morning flight from Little Rock to Dallas. After a two-hour layover, we departed Dallas for San Francisco and arrived around 8:00 pm. A full day of flying, navigating airports, and finding a rental car wore us out. We didn’t even get a proper dinner the first night before we went to bed. The next morning, we decided to drive down the coast on Highway 1, the Pacific Coast Highway, to Monterey. It was an amazing drive! I was surprised that California was so beautiful. Towering redwood trees lined much of the drive, along with farms for almost any fruit or vegetable I could imagine. When we could finally see the coastline, it was breathtaking. We passed through a few small coastal towns and saw countless fresh produce stands on the side of the highway. We stopped for lunch at a Thai restaurant in Moss Landing, CA. The food was amazing, and we could see the ocean from our table! The day was already a success in my book. When we arrived in Monterey, we drove down to Cannery Row and parked the car. We strolled around all of the different shops for a couple of hours, and then we headed even farther down the coast. We stopped at a parking area that overlooked quite possibly the most scenic place I had ever seen. There were huge waves crashing on giant boulders in the ocean. We just sat there and watched the waves crash for at least an hour. The salty smell of the ocean, the noise of various birds, and the sound of the waves just overloaded your senses in the best possible way. We headed back to our hotel in Palo Alto. See more:  Mark Twains Humorous Satire in Running for Governor Essay Before we made it back, I spotted my favorite fast food restaurant, In-N-Out Burger and to my dad’s dismay, that was dinner. We crashed not long after making it to the hotel; we were exhausted after driving and exploring all day. The next morning, we woke up refreshed and ready to explore some more. We headed into San Francisco early. I was surprised that there wasn’t very much traffic; I guess we were after the morning rush hour. The drive north was almost as pretty as the drive down the coast. California should be â€Å"The Natural State†, not Arkansas! Once we made it into the city, we had to cross the Golden Gate Bridge. As we emerged from Golden Gate Park, the goliath appeared before us. We just crossed it both ways, but I was in awe of how big the bridge actually was. I had never appreciated it until I saw it with my own eyes. When we came back into the city, we drove around to many of the different neighborhoods. San Francisco is incredibly diverse. We drove through â€Å"Little Japan† and â€Å"China Town†, and we parked in North Beach. North Beach is where an established population of people with Italian heritage lives and work, â€Å"Little Italy† in any other big city. We were craving some good Italian food, and we definitely found some. The restaurant didn’t have a name on their sign, but we risked it and stopped there to eat. It was authentic Italian food from scratch. They made their own noodles, sauces, bread, and dressings. The dish I had was the best Italian food I’d ever eaten. My dad felt the same way about his dish as well. After our delicious lunch, we decided to drive around the city a little while longer, and then head back to the hotel so we didn’t get stuck in rush hour traffic. Our final two days in California were spent in Palo Alto. My dad’s good friend from high school, Mark, lives there, so we met up with him at a local Mexican restaurant. We all caught up over margaritas and salsa, then we went to his house to help with Thanksgiving dinner preparations. I had never been to another family’s Thanksgiving dinner, but they welcomed us with open arms like we were part of their family anyways. Their family has a tradition of biking around Palo Alto after Thanksgiving dinner. I decided to go with them while my dad stayed back at the house with Mark. Palo Alto was very biker friendly. We rode around the Stanford University campus. It was the most beautiful college campus I had ever seen! We returned to the house after an approximately an hour. It was the best way to see the city! Our last day was spent packing, then heading to the airport for an afternoon flight home. We used our Thanksgiving break a little differently than most, but I wouldn’t have traded the experience for anything. I’ll always remember the drive down to Monterey, exploring San Francisco, and getting a local view of Palo Alto as one of the best Thanksgiving holidays.

Lab Report: Osmosis Essay -- essays research papers

Aim The aim of this experiment is to investigate the effects of different concentrations of sugar solutions on the rate of osmosis in plant cells. Equipment 5mm borer Knife White Tile Potatoes Beakers Measuring cylinder Stopwatch Sugar solutions Paper towels Balance Pipette Scientific knowledge Osmosis Osmosis is the movement of water particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration across a selectively permeable membrane. Cell in pure water The cell membranes of all plants are semi-permeable. Cell sap in the vacuole of a plant cell is a strongly concentrated solution consisting of mainly glucose and sugars. When a plant cell is placed into pure water, water is drawn in by osmosis. This is because there is a higher concentration of water surrounding the cell then inside the cell. This dilutes the plant cell and makes it swell. At the same time, the sugar solution leaves the cell and diffusion occurs. This usually results in equilibrium. When the plant cell is full of water, the weight increases and we say that it is turgid. The cell wall prevents the cell from bursting. Cell in a strong sugar solution When a plant cell is placed in a strong sugar solution, there is more water in the cell then in the surrounding solution, so water is drawn out by osmosis. This makes the cell decrease in weight and it becomes flaccid... ... sure that on my behalf, my results are accurate. I took two sets of results and I used a small measuring cylinder with  ±0.2 cm3 of human error, which is very small. Also when measuring I put the cylinder on a flat surface and read from the meniscus. To transfer the sugar solutions I used a pipette to transfer liquid accurately. I kept the variables, such as temperature and volume of sugar solution the same each time to make my test fair. I could extend this coursework by experimenting with surface area and size by using different sized borers and lengths. I could also see how the rate of osmosis is different when using a synthetic potato cell, such as visking tubing. I could also use different sugars, such as glucose and fructose and see how the rate of osmosis changes. I could experiment with different types of potatoes and the altered rate of osmosis in them. Lab Report: Osmosis Essay -- essays research papers Aim The aim of this experiment is to investigate the effects of different concentrations of sugar solutions on the rate of osmosis in plant cells. Equipment 5mm borer Knife White Tile Potatoes Beakers Measuring cylinder Stopwatch Sugar solutions Paper towels Balance Pipette Scientific knowledge Osmosis Osmosis is the movement of water particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration across a selectively permeable membrane. Cell in pure water The cell membranes of all plants are semi-permeable. Cell sap in the vacuole of a plant cell is a strongly concentrated solution consisting of mainly glucose and sugars. When a plant cell is placed into pure water, water is drawn in by osmosis. This is because there is a higher concentration of water surrounding the cell then inside the cell. This dilutes the plant cell and makes it swell. At the same time, the sugar solution leaves the cell and diffusion occurs. This usually results in equilibrium. When the plant cell is full of water, the weight increases and we say that it is turgid. The cell wall prevents the cell from bursting. Cell in a strong sugar solution When a plant cell is placed in a strong sugar solution, there is more water in the cell then in the surrounding solution, so water is drawn out by osmosis. This makes the cell decrease in weight and it becomes flaccid... ... sure that on my behalf, my results are accurate. I took two sets of results and I used a small measuring cylinder with  ±0.2 cm3 of human error, which is very small. Also when measuring I put the cylinder on a flat surface and read from the meniscus. To transfer the sugar solutions I used a pipette to transfer liquid accurately. I kept the variables, such as temperature and volume of sugar solution the same each time to make my test fair. I could extend this coursework by experimenting with surface area and size by using different sized borers and lengths. I could also see how the rate of osmosis is different when using a synthetic potato cell, such as visking tubing. I could also use different sugars, such as glucose and fructose and see how the rate of osmosis changes. I could experiment with different types of potatoes and the altered rate of osmosis in them.

Concerns Of Gloving Practices Health And Social Care Essay

Globally people populating with HIV positive virus is go oning to turn in 2008, making and estimated of 33.4 million ( 33.1 million-33.4 million ) . The incidence of freshly infected people populating with HIV virus is increased more than 20 % from 2000, that is the current rate is 2.7 million people. Related deceases are about 2 million, and the prevalence was robustly treble higher than in 1990 ( UNAIDS ) . In Asia entirely the HIV positive incidence rate is 4.7 million, and India being a developing state and one among highest in population rate, HIV population prevalence is high in India with 3.2 million. HIV instances incidence is more seen in Asiatic states, the chief contributing factors for this addition rate of Positive HIV instances are chiefly poorness, some cultural and religious beliefs and practises denial by authoritiess are due to miss of proper instruction and agencies of bar ( T. , 1995 ) As the incidence is more seen in these states the wellness attention professionals responsibilities will be at rise, this leads to a inquiry as how much educated, cognizant and ready are nurses to give attention for the HIV and AIDS patients. Nurses being the largest paramedical professional group of people caring for the patients. Nurses play an of import function in patient attention, as in Acquired immune lack syndrome ( AIDS ) caused by human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) nurses have a major function in patient attention and intervention. As the prevalence of AIDS are more in homosexual work forces and endovenous drug users, the populace is more concerned with the transmittal of this virus and is besides same with the wellness attention professionals as they are besides in menace group sing the concern and intervention of the HIV infected patients. There are many evidentiary surveies published with concern of wellness attention workers like physicians, nurses and paramedical staff of their negative attitudes and concerns sing HIV/AIDS. To be more specific many of these surveies have been more concentrated in the westernized universe. But in contrast, few surveies were published sing Indian nurse ‘s attitude and concerns sing HIV/AIDS. The chief intent of this survey is to To find the concerns, attitudes and workplace patterns of Indian nurses, caring with HIV- positive patients and other biological fluids. To determine that these concerns and attitudes were inter-connected. To happen out the nurses reasonable cognition in HIV and AIDS. As a consequence of this survey, the nurses can better their cognition and supply attention to the HIV and AIDS infected patients with proper average instruction and besides helps in cut downing anxiousness and fright in handling those patients.LITERATURE REVIEWNurses have the chief function in supplying attention for the patients with HIV/AIDS, but in contrast the surveies conducted in Western states indicate that the nurses are more unwilling, and the wellness professionals does non demo involvement or avoid giving attention to the patients with HIV/AIDS, this is chiefly due to the deficiency of proper insufficient cognition and instruction sing HIV/AIDS. As mainly nurses believe and fear that HIV positive patients are homophobic and contagious. ( Campbell S. , 1991 ) The mean Knowledge and attitudes of the doctors and nurses caring the HIV/AIDS patients turned out to be more in westernised portion of universe United States of America, Canada. And the average mark of cognition and attitude of nurses is really low in the parts of India and Thailand. ( Brachman P. , 1996 ) . Indian and Thailand Nurse are more uncomfortable in handling so HIV Patients when compared to the nurses and doctors from the United States and Canada, This survey clearly identifies the deficiency of proper cognition and attitude of nurses towards the HIV/AIDS patients. A Basic, Post-basic and go oning instruction programme for nurses on HIV/AIDS in western Pacific states like Fiji, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Singapore and Philippines was evaluated and most of these states reportedly have hapless or no criterions for the HIV/AIDS nursing pattern, and due to these unequal installations in the workplace environment, they could non run into the agreed protocols of infection control ( S.B. , 1990 ) . This clearly suggest that the nurse work environment is besides under hazard where nurse play a major portion of function, where they are more susceptible to infection particularly when they are nursing patients like HIV and AIDS patients. A questionnaire developed to indicate out the attitude of nurses towards the attention giving to the patients with HIV seropositive patients, the consequences were clearly demoing the attack of the nurses towards the attention of patients to HIV was declined. As a sum of 323 nurses, more than half of the nurse ‘s respondent that they are non willing to supply attention to the HIV patients if they have an option of giving attention to the patients. And besides the consequences showed that more than one-fourth of nurses wanted to hold an option in giving attention to the patients with HIV and AIDS patients ( Wiley K, 1990 ) . A study conducted by ( P, 1992 ) in an English infirmary with 717 nurses, they were questioned sing the cognition of HIV and AIDS and besides the attitude towards the attention given to the patients to the HIV positive patients. The consequences shows that a 3rd of the nurses respondent that they are non ready to give attention to the patients if they were given an option of caring to patients with HIV and AIDS patients. Another survey conducted to govern out the nurses anxiousness towards caring the HIV positive patients and their ignorance of cognition of the HIV and AIDS, in this the nurses anxiousness was more shown as they refused to care the patients as they demanded that patients should be screened for HIV trial before supplying attention, and besides the wellness workers denying to care the patients with hazard of HIV seropositive ( E, 1988 ) The surveies conducted by ( EC, 1992 ) ( Flaskerud J H, 1989 ) ( Kelly JA, 1988 ) ( D, 1990 ) ( Scherer YK, 1989 ) , indicated chiefly the nurse ‘s fright and anxiousness of HIV transmittal from HIV positive patients to themselves while giving attention. The Centre for Disease Control ( CDC ) estimates that the hazard of transverse infection of HIV transmittal from seropositive patients to wellness attention workers is 1 in 330 as per the co-operative needle stick surveillance group. Stigma and favoritism Acts of the Apostless as a chief barrier to the attention given to the patients with HIV positive patients in India, this favoritism is seen among the medical physicians and nurses in infirmary harmonizing to the research conducted in India by UNAIDS 2001.RationaleNurses play an of import function in supplying quality attention in assisting HIV positive patients both physically and mentally. The literature reexamine clearly provinces that the nurses need much more instruction and knowledge intercession about caring HIV/AIDS, research to day of the months have clearly mentioned the attitude and concern of nurses sing HIV and AIDS, but at that place surveies were chiefly concentrated in western states where nurses are much good equipped with cognition and with proper medical installations where as in Asiatic states the statistics shows that nurses still persists with a fright for caring HIV and AIDS patients, in this research, the Indian nurses cognition and attit ude towards HIV and AIDS are to be taken in the consideration. The nurse in India requires specialised accomplishments, preparation and up to day of the month cognition of all facets of HIV and AIDS. This survey chiefly points out the current and future function of the professional Nurses in supplying disposed attention to the patients with HIV and AIDS.MANAGING DATA/ TIME RESOURCESThe mark samples will be Registered Indian Nurses working in Mahatma Gandhi medical Hospital in India, the nurses selected would be form different field of patterns. A non chance trying or Convenience sampling will be used in choosing nurses. Criteria for inclusion would be the current nurses working in the selected infirmary. Exclusion standards would be nurses with no clinical experience. The information aggregation tool utilised would be a structured questionnaire which would be mailed to respondents. Questionnaire used was antecedently done by the wellness attention workers analyzing writers ( laborat ory staff and nurses ) in New Zealand to find cognition attitudes and concerns of nurses in workplace covering with HIV positive biological fluids. ( Siebers R W L, 1992 ) . The cogency of questionnaire determined the United Kingdom nurses relationship between attitude, cognition and extent of contact with HIV and AIDS. ( Robbins I, 1992 ) The questionnaire consisted of five subdivisions. First subdivision would concentrate on the demographical informations -Age -Education, -Professional preparation -Major medical country of pattern -Years of work experience, and -Any nurses late attended workshops or seminars on HIV/AIDS The Second subdivision consists of Yes or No replying inquiries asking nurses sing their gloving pattern while managing biological fluids. The 3rd subdivision would ask for the responses of nurse ‘s in managing different type of biological fluids and specimens. The 4th subdivision would be utilizing a Likert graduated table for response by supplying statements with options of ‘strongly agree ‘ to ‘strongly differ ‘ . The concluding and 5th subdivision concluded with proving the nurse ‘s consciousness of HIV infected biological specimens and methods to destruct the HIV virus. A pilot survey would be conducted here with some qualified nurses here to look into the proper cogency and dependability of the questionnaire. A pilot survey is a little scale version of the research, the chief map is to size up the research and look into for any mistakes. This pilot survey helps in avoiding major errors subsequently in research ( Polit, 1997 ) . After worth the questionnaire will be sent to nurses in India with the proper alterations if required form the consequences obtained from the pilot survey. Nurses will be informed about the survey and its confidentiality. A covering missive will be given to the nurse sing the confidentiality and briefly depicting the usage of the survey. Consent is assumed by finishing a questionnaire. No hazards have been identified by this survey. Through this survey the nurse ‘s cognition towards the HIV and AIDS and their attitude towards the attention given to the patients can be assessed and besides therefore the proper attention and attitude towards the HIV and AIDS patients can be improved in the close hereafter.DATA MANAGMENTDatas collected through questionnaire will be analysed interpreted by utilizing variables and relevant statistics. Entire clip of three months will be needed, directing and acquiring back of the consequences from the survey group.PROPOSED RESEARCH METHODOLOGYQuantitative Study ( Burns, 2001 ) will be used for this survey to quantify factors placing the cognition and attitude of nurses towards the attention given to the HIV and AIDS patients. Quantitative is concerned with the Numberss of facts about people, events or things and set uping the relationship between variables, Descriptive design is utile for this survey as it is placing the current pattern jobs for the nurses caring for HIV and AIDS patients. The chief purpose of the descriptive design is to give an penetration of the respondents about the present survey. ( Burns, 2001 ) .Survey method will be used to administer the ques tionnaire, by the methods of get offing or emailing the inquiries to the Nurses ( Polit, 1997 ) . Non Probability or convenience sampling is utile for this survey as size of the population is impossible to place. De Vos ( 1998:191 ) .SummaryAs seen from the addition incidence of HIV and AIDS patients all over the universe. The wellness professionals should be good equipped and knowing to confront the fortunes. As nurses being the largest group in paramedical services they play a major function in caring the HIV positive patients. This survey chiefly concentrates on the degree of cognition and attitudes and concerns of the nurses handling the HIV and Aids patients, by which it helps in understanding the barrier of attention. By which nurses can be given proper in service instruction and cut out the spread between the attention given to the patients with HIV and AIDS. Nurses being in a medical profession should hold up to day of the month cognition sing a disease status and demand to be ready to give attention to the patient.

When One Parent Loses a Job

Melissa McAfee Mrs. Bastian Dev022 April 11, 2013 First draft The Impact when one parent loses a Job When one parent loses a job it impacts the whole family. My household went from two incomes to one, in a matter of months. There was no time to prepare. My husband Bucky works for Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railroad; therefore his pay was never the same. So, my income was very important. I got paid the same amount every two weeks. We could budget our expenses off that amount. We always had extra money, a savings account and a Christmas fund in place.We had the luxuries of two incomes. Lucky for us we didn’t live outside our budget. I was employed with US Cable for eight years. I succeed well in my job making a good income. I took several related courses to achieve the most in my pay. Taking every cable, internet, and telephone course offered. For very passing test we got a raise, this was something we were offered to do in our own time. We could even work Saturdays for overti me, and there was always someone who would give up there day to work.Julie would always give up her Saturday. Mcafee-2 My husband Bucky doesn’t worry about me working. It will work out, it always does he would say. Easy for him to say I liked having my own money! I didn’t really worry much until the day after Jan. 23, 2013. Then it hit me I will no longer have a paycheck, or a job to go too. I have worked at the same place just shy over eight years. What would I do when all I am use to is being extremely busy all day: between work and family. Well you see that didn’t change.I gained more family time. My two oldest daughters didn’t live at home anymore. So, we got too hang out more together. I got to spend more time with my new grandson Lane. My daughter Donna had just started college. My title became grandma-sitter. My daughter Deana liked to come over and spoil her nephew, when she wasn’t working. My youngest daughter Shelby also enjoyed me being home. I picked her up from school and most days she would get a sweet tea from McDonalds. That was a treat.My husband Bucky also enjoyed me home during the day. You see there were many days we would go without seeing each other; because of our schedules. In the conclusion we gained more family time and more family meals. We would actually dine out two to three times a week: before my job ended. Now it’s maybe that a month. The effect of losing my job became a blessing really. As of today I am a full time student at college and have made more memories with my family. The effect was well worth the impact.

Economics of India essays

Economics of India essays 50 Years of Independence ; 5000 Years of History The Republic of India possesses tremendous contrasts and enormous ethnic, linguistic and cultural diversity. Since independence in 1947, the Indian civilization has expanded in every facet - from its increasing population to its to its intertwining cultural and social systems. There are over 1600 languages, nearly 400 of them are spoken by more than 200, 000 people. Ethnically, the country is comprised of mostly of Indo-Aryans and Dravidians while Hindus are the majority in the religious groups. The distinguishing characteristic of India is that is unofficially uses the caste system to differentiate between socio-economic classes and to prevent a fusion of various groups. Like the US , India is a democratic republic with a federal form of government. Geographically, India lies east of Pakistan, west of Bangladesh, south of China, and north of the island-country of Sri Lanka. India's population is the world's second largest continues to grow at a rate faster than that of China, threatening to overtake it in the next century. Over thousands of years of its history, India has been invaded from the Iranian plateau, Central Asia, and the West. "The Indian people have absorbed and changed these influences to produce remarkable racial and cultural synthesis" ( US Dept. of State, 1997, p 3) .They have had a continuous civilization since 2500 BC., when the inhabitants of the Indus River Valley developed an urban culture based on commerce and agricultural trade. Around 2000 BC, Aryan speaking tribes migrated from the northwest into the subcontinent. As they settled, they adapted to the previous Dravidian cultures. In the fourth and fifth centuries AD, northern India was unified under the Gupta Dynasty. During this period, know as India's "Golden Age", Hindu culture and political administration reached new heights. Islam spread over the continent o...

Character Contrasts in Pride and Prejudice essays

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Research and analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Marketing Strategy for Products Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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Celine Dion Celine Dion is a proud Canadian, that is why she has sung our national anthom at countless events, that is why she financially supports numerous Canadian organizations, that is also why she continues to make french and english albums. She is a healthy role model for young and old people all over the world, and it is an honour to say she is Canadian. Celine Dion was born in Charlemagne, Quebec, on March 30, 1968 and was the youngest of 14 children in a large musical family. Celine Dion was named after a song her mother was singing while pregnant. She was discovered singing in the family owned restaurant, at age 12, but had been singing there ever since age five, along with her other siblings. It was a small restaurant and club where the children could often showcase their musical talents where her father would play the accordian and mother the violin. At only five years old, she had already began to develop as a singer and entertainer, so it makes sense she had the talent and capability to produce her very first recording at only age twelve with her mother and her brothers. Celine was discovered by Montreal Impresario, Rene Angelil, who later became her husband, in 1981. Celine's mother had found Rene's address in an album of Ginette Reno, a popular french singer. Rene had heard the demo-tape containing the songs Cel! ine had written (In particular "Ce N'etait Qu'un Reve"-or in english, "It was Only a Dream"), and he was immediatly taken by the voice of young Celine that he became determined to make her an internationally known talent. When he first heard her sing live, he cried because it was so beautiful. Rene had so much faith in Celine, that he even mortgaged his house to finance the production of Celine's debut album. Her only obstacle for success beyond Canada and France was her French lyrics. Record companies, as it turned out, were less enthusiastic of investing in a low-class preteen than Rene Angelil was. The financial support they needed to make Celine a success was not being produced, so they created a low budget Christmas album, "Celine Chante Noel," (Celine Sings Christmas), and another album, "Voix du bon Dieu," (The Voice of God). Celine released these singles at the young age of 13, yet they proved to be very successful. Even though these were low budget, people gave the albums a chance, and soon Celine had become the teen sensation of Quebec. Her early years also brought a string of awards, allowing

Thermodynamic Analysis and Performance Characteristics

AEROSPACE ENGINEERING SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND DESIGN THE THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS AND PERFORMANCE CHARACTRISTICS OF A TURBOFAN JET ENGINE By J. E, Ibok 2011 Supervisor: Dr Lionel Ganippa ABSTRACT This work focuses on the performance analysis of a twin spool mixed flow turbofan engine. The main objective was to investigate the effects of using hydrogen, kerosene and natural gas fuel on the performance characteristics such as net thrust, specific fuel consumption and propulsive efficiency of the turbofan.Another aim of this work was to introduce the concept of exergy and thermoeconomics analysis for twin spool mixed flow turbofan engine and show the components that contributes the most to the inefficiency of the engine. A generic simulation was carried out using Gas Turb 11 software to obtain reasonable analysis results that were verified with a real-time JT8D-15A turbofan engine. The parametric analysis was done for constant value of mass flow rate of fuel and constant turb ine inlet temperature for all three fuels.The result were rightfully obtained for these analysis cases and discussed accordingly. Brunel University Mechanical Engineering Academic Session: 2010/2011 Name of Student: Johnson Essien Ibok Supervisor:Dr Lionel Ganippa Title: The Performance Characteristics and Thermodynamics Exergy and Thermoeconomics analysis of a Twin Spool Mixed Flow Turbofan Engine Operating at 30,000ft at M0 0. using Kerosene, natural Gas and Hydrogen Fuel. Abstract: This work focuses on the performance analysis of a twin spool mixed flow turbofan engine. A generic simulation was carried out using Gas Turb 11 software to obtain reasonable analysis results that were verified with a real-time JT8D-15A turbofan engine. The parametric analysis was done for constant value of mass flow rate of fuel and constant turbine inlet temperature for all three fuels.The result were rightfully obtained for these analysis cases and discussed accordingly. Objectives: The main aim of this work is to conduct the parametric cycle simulation of a twin spool mixed flow turbofan engine and investigate the performance characteristics of it. Another aim of this work is to show the effects of using hydrogen, Kerosene and natural gas fuel on the overall performance of the twin spool mixed flow turbofan engine.Also, the purpose of this work is to introduce the use of the second law of thermodynamics analysis known as exergy and thermoeconomics in analysis the twin spool mixed flow turbofan engine Background/Applications: This work is applicable in so many ways when it comes to the overall performance optimization and feasibility analysis of a jet engine. This work relates to the aerospace and aviation industries since the turbofan engine is amongst the vast number of jet engine used in propulsion of aircrafts.There is increasing pressure in the aviation industry to reduce pollution and depletion of energy resources while at the same time maintaining reasonable investment cost and high overall performance. Hence, this research was conducted in hopes of coming up with a new solution to this problem. Conclusions: The main conclusion drawn from the performance analysis is that hydrogen fuel produced the highest thrust level and the lowest specific fuel consumption between the three fuels for a constant mass flow rate of fuel.Kerosene fuel generated thrust level can be increased if it is mixed with a small amount of hydrogen. The Exit jet velocity ratio remained constant despite the increasing bypass ratio for all three fuels at constant mass flow rate of fuel. Using the exergetic analysis showed that the combustion chamber and the mixer contributed the most to the inefficiency of the turbofan engine. The amount of exergy transferred into the turbofan engine by hydrogen was depleted in the smallest ratio compared to natural gas and kerosene for constant mass flow rate of fuel.The thermoeconomics analysis showed that it is preferable to use local based co st evaluation to quantity specific thermoeconomics cost of thrust than the global method since the value was lower. Results: The results obtained from the simulation using Gas Turb 11 produced an error range of 0. 25% – 8. 5% when verified with the actual test data of the JT8D-15A turbofan engine. The results obtained for the analysis defined a reference design point at which the parametric analysis was conducted on. The analysis was done in three cases as shown clearly in the test matrix in table 1 below.Analysis| Parameters being varied| Parameters Kept Constant| Performance Characteristics| case 1| * Bypass ratio * Turbine Inlet temperature| * HPC Pressure Ratio * LPC Pressure Ratio * Fan Pressure Ratio| * Velocity ratio * Fuel-Air-ratio * Turbine inlet temperature * Net thrust * Specific Fuel Consumption * Thermal efficiency * Propulsive efficiency| case 2| * Bypass Ratio * Three different fuelsmH2mCH4mC12H23| * Mass flow rate of fuel * HPC Pressure Ratio * LPC Pressure R atio * Fan Pressure Ratio| | Case 3| * Bypass Ratio * Three different fuelsmH2mCH4mC12H23| * Turbine inlet temperature * HPC Pressure Ratio * LPC Pressure Ratio * Fan Pressure Ratio| | Table 1 The Test matrix of the Parametric Analysis. The exergy analysis was done for the parametric analysis of case 2 and case 3 where the exergy destruction rates, exergetic efficiency, exergy improvement potential rate and fuel depletion ratio were calculated. The distribution of these results throughout each component of the turbofan engine was represented with bar charts and Grassmann diagram. The thermoeconomics analysis was conducted for analysis case 2 using kerosene fuel.The specific thermoeconomics cost of thrust was calculated using global and local based cost evaluation methods. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to thank my parents for their financial support and encouragement because without them I would not be here and be able to do this work. I am deeply thankful to my supervi sor, Dr Lionel Ganippa for believing in me and giving me the opportunity to work with him in this field of study. I am also thankful to him for giving the necessary guidance and advice and his enthusiasm and innovative ideas inspired me. Finally, I would like to thank Mr Joachim Kurzke for providing me with the necessary software needed for my dissertation. Table of ContentsAcknowledgements i Contents ii List of Notations and Subscripts iv List of Tables vi List of Figures vi Chapter 1: Introduction1 1. 1. Aims and Objectives2 1. 2. Computational Modeling3 Chapter 2: Jet Engines4 2. 1. Performance characteristics4 2. 1. 1. Thrust4 2. 1. 2. Thermal Efficiency5 2. 1. 3. Propulsive efficiency5 2. 1. 4. Overall efficiency6 2. 1. 5. Specific Fuel Consumption6 2. 2. Fuel and Propellants For Jet Engines7 Chapter 3: Turbofan Jet Engines †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦8 3. 1. Introduction 8 3. 2. Classification of Turbofan Engines9 3. 3. Major Components of a Turbofan Engine10 3. 3. 1. Diffuser10 3. 3. 2. Fan and Compressor11 3. 3. 3. Combustion Chamber12 3. 3. 4. Turbine13 3. 3. 5. Exhaust Nozzle14 3. 4.Thermodynamic Process and Cycle of a Twin Spool Mixed Flow Turbofan Engine15 Chapter 4: Mathematical and Gas turb 11 Modeling of the turbofan Engine18 4. 1. Station Numbering and Assumptions18 4. 2. Design Point Cycle Simulation of the Turbofan Engine18 4. 3. Off-design Point Cycle Simulation of the Turbofan Engine21 4. 3. 1. Module/Component Matching 22 4. 3. 2. Off-Design Point Component Modeling22 Chapter 5: Methodology, Results and Discussions26 5. 1. General Relationship equations of the Major Parameters27 5. 2. Results and Discussions of Parametric cycle Analysis of Case 129 5. 3. Results and Discussions of Parametric Cycle Analysis of Case 235 5. 4.Results and Discussions of Parametric Cycle Analysis of Case 343 Chap ter 6: Exergy and Thermoeconomics Analysis of the Turbofan Engine49 6. 1. Exergy Analysis49 6. 1. 1. Exergy Analysis Modeling 50 6. 1. 2. Exergy and Energy Balance Equations of the Components58 6. 1. 3. General Relationships in Exergetic Analysis of the Turbofan Engine60 6. 1. 4. Results and Discussions61 6. 1. 5. Grassmann Diagram72 6. 2. Thermoeconomics Analysis74 6. 2. 1. Thermoeconomics Analysis Modelling74 6. 2. 2. Global Based Cost Evaluation76 6. 2. 3. Local Based Cost Evaluation77 6. 2. 4. Results and Discussion of the Thermoeconomics Analysis78 Chapter 7 Conclusions and Future Work80 Reference Appendix A Exergy Analysis Results Appendix B Thermoeconomics Analysis resultsList of Notations and Units ?| Isentropic efficiency| ?| Total Pressure ratio| m| Mass Flow Rate (kg/s)| f| Fuel/Air Ratio| M| Mach Number| Pt| Total pressure (kPa)| Tt| Total Temperature (K)| NCV| Net Calorific Value (MJ/kg)| Ht| Total Enthalpy (kJ/kg)| V| Velocity (m/s)| ?| Bypass Ratio| T| Static Temperat ure (K)| P| Static Pressure (kPa)| N| Actual Spool Speed (RPM)| Nc| Corrected Spool Speed (RPM)| mc| Corrected Mass Flow Rate (kg/s)| R| Universal Gas Constant (kJ/kmolK)| ?0| Standard Chemical Exergy (kJ/kmol)| Ex| Exergy Rate (MW)| xi| Mole Fraction| cp| Specific Heat at Constant Pressure (kJ/kgK)| ?| Ratio of Chemical Exergy to NCV| ?| Exergetic Efficiency| | Fuel Depletion Ratio| W| Power Rate of Work done (MW)| List of Subscripts| | LPT| Low Pressure Turbine| HPT| High Pressure Turbine| CC| Combustion Chamber| HPC| High Pressure Compressor| LPC| Low Pressure Compressor| d| Diffuser| noz| Nozzle| mix| Mixer| dest| Destruction Rate| 0, ambFAR| Ambient conditionFuel-Air-Ratio| CH| Chemical| PH| Physical| KN| Kinetic| PN| Potential| IP| Exergy Improvement Potential Rate (MW)| CRF| Cost Recovery Factor| c| Specific Thermoeconomic Cost (MJ/kg)| STD| Standard Temperature and Pressure| TIT| Turbine Inlet Temperature| TSFC| Thrust Specific Fuel Consumption (g/kNs)| SFC| Specific Fuel Co nsumption| p| Propulsive| TH| Thermal|O| Overall| T| Thrust| equip| Equipment| PEC| Capital Cost of Equipment| List of Tables Table 1 input parameters for Design Point Cycle Simulation on Gas Turb 1119 Table 2 Comparison table for the Actual Test Data and Simulated Data using gas Turb 1121 Table 3 Comparison Table for Actual Test Data and Simulated Off-Design Point data Using gas Turb 11. 25 Table 4 Equivalence Ratio of the three Fuels Combustion Processes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 62 Table 5 Assumed Capital costs of Each Component of the Turbofan Engine. 75 Table 6 Flow of Specific Thermoeconomics Cost in all the Components 79 List of Figures Figure 1 Classification of Turbofan Engine9Figure 2 Layout of Forward Fan Twin Spool Mixed Flow Turbofan16 Figure 3 T-S Diagram for the Forward Fan Twin Spool Mixed Flow Turbofan17 Figure 4 Design Point Cycle Simulation Algorithm Using Gas Turb 1120 Figure 5 Example of a Compressor Performance Map/Cu rve24 Figure 6 Effects of Varying Bypass Ratio at Constant Values of TIT on Fuel-Air-Ratio30 Figure 7 Effects of Varying Bypass Ratio at Constant Values of TIT on Exit Velocity Ratio30 Figure 8 Effects of Varying Bypass Ratio at Constant Values of TIT on LPT Exit Pressure Ratio31 Figure 9 Effects of Varying Bypass Ratio at Constant Values of TIT on Net Thrust32 Figure 10 Effects of Varying Bypass Ratio at Constant Values of TIT on Specific Fuel Consumption33 Figure 11 Effects of Varying Bypass Ratio at Constant Values of TIT on Propulsive Efficiency34 Figure 12 Effects of Varying Bypass Ratio t Constant Values of TIT on Thermal Efficiency35 Figure 13 T-S diagram of using Hydrogen Fuel when the bypass Ratio is increased36 Figure 14 Variation of Fuel-Air-Ratio with Bypass Ratio at Constant Fuel Flow Rate using three different Fuels37 Figure 15 Variation of TIT with Bypass Ratio at Constant Fuel Flow Rate using three different Fuels37 Figure 16 Variation of Exit Velocity Ratio with Byp ass Ratio at Constant Fuel Flow Rate using three different Fuels38 Figure 17 Variation of LPT Exit Pressure Ratio with Bypass Ratio at Constant Fuel Flow Rate using three different Fuels39 Figure 18 Variation of Net Thrust with Bypass Ratio at Constant Fuel Flow Rate using three different Fuels40 Figure 19 Variation of Specific Fuel Consumption with Bypass Ratio at Constant Fuel Flow Rate using three different Fuels41 Figure 20 Variation of Thermal Efficiency with Bypass Ratio at Constant Fuel Flow Rate using three different Fuels42 Figure 21 Variation of Propulsive Efficiency with Bypass Ratio at Constant Fuel Flow Rate using three different Fuels43 Figure 22 Variation of Fuel-Air-Ratio with Bypass Ratio at Constant TIT using the three Different Fuels44 Figure 23 Variation of Exit Velocity Ratio with Bypass Ratio at Constant TIT using the three Different Fuels44 Figure 24 Variation of LPT Exit Pressure Ratio with Bypass Ratio at Constant TIT using the three Different Fuels45 Figure 25 Variation of Net Thrust with Bypass Ratio at Constant TIT using the three Different Fuels46 Figure 26 Variation of Specific Fuel Consumption with Bypass Ratio at Constant TIT using the three Different Fuels46 Figure 27 Variation of Propulsive Efficiency with Bypass Ratio at Constant TIT using the three Different Fuels47 Figure 28 Variation of Thermal Efficiency with Bypass Ratio at Constant TIT using the three Different Fuels48 Figure 29 Variation of Exergy Destruction Rate Using the three Fuels for Analysis Case 262 Figure 30 Variation of Exergy Destruction Rate Using the three Fuels for Analysis Case 364 Figure 31 Variation of Exergetic Efficiencies Using the three Fuels for Analysis Case 266 Figure 32 Variation of Exergetic Efficiencies Using the three Fuels for Analysis Case 367 Figure 33 Distribution of Exergy Improvement potential Rate Using the three Fuels for Analysis Case 268 Figure 34 Distribution of Exergy Improvement potential Rate Using the three Fuels for Analysis Case 369 Figure 35 variation of Fuel Depletion ratio using the Three Fuels for Analysis Case 270 Figure 36 variation of Fuel Depletion ratio using the Three Fuels for Analysis Case 371 Figure 37 Grassmann Diagram for the Exergetic analysis of Case 2 using kerosene Fuel for the Turbofan engine. 72 Chapter 1 Introduction Jet engines are complex thermodynamic systems that use a series of non-linear equation to define their thermodynamic processes and they operate under the principle of Brayton cycle.Brayton cycle is a cycle that comprises of the compressor, combustor and turbine working as a unit. Additionally, the major parameters that dictate the operational conditions of the engine at any point during the process are the relative altitude and Mach number. Mach number is the ratio of the velocity of the jet engine to the speed of sound. Basically, the main purpose of this type of thermodynamic system in aerospace industry is to accelerate a jet of air and as a result, generate enough thrust needed for flight. In addition, the design of jet engines is dependent of what purpose it will be used for in order to derive its maximum performance.For instance, in military application, jet engines are required to generate maximum thrust in minimum response time which consumes a lot of fuel whereas commercial jet engines are required to less noise generative, less fuel consuming and at the same time have high overall efficiency (El-sayed, 2008). There are certain factors that jet engine manufacturers take into consideration when designing jet engines which are the operating cost, engine noise, environmental emissions, fuel burn and overall efficiency. Accordingly, this has caused a global market competition for engine manufacturers like Rolls Royce, Pratt and Whitney, General Electric and CFM on who can produce the most efficient jet engines.In fact, Pratt and Whitney Company is working on a geared turbofan jet engine that they believe will reduce fuel burn, produce lesse r noise and emit less toxics while General Electric is coming up with simpler â€Å"ecore† jet engines that will be more fuel efficient than the current jet engines with as much as almost two fifths of current jet engines (Cassidy, 2008). Taking all that has been said into consideration, it can easily be asserted that by reducing the fuel consumption of the jet engine, the total temperature at the turbine blades will reduce thereby increasing the operating life and overall efficiency of the engine. Also, the total cost of the engine can be cut down. Indeed, Dr Pallan cited in (Ward, 2007) stated that reducing the fuel consumption by as little as 1% is highly longed after by engine manufacturers and this can result in very significant increase in the overall performance.In a general point of view, it can be said that the maximum point of achievement for jet engine manufacturers would be to design an engine that consumes the minimum amount of work in the compressor unit while g enerating the maximum amount of work in the turbine unit at minimum fuel supply. The main purpose of this work is to analyse the thermodynamic processes and performance of a jet engine using a simulation tool, exergy and thermoeconomics concept. 1. 1. Aims and Objectives The main objective of this work is to carry out the thermodynamic analysis and show the performance characteristics of a turbofan jet engine. In this work, the vivid explanation of the thermodynamics processes and cycle of each component of the turbofan engine starting from the diffuser to the nozzle will be covered. Also, the first and second law of thermodynamics with other laws will be applied extensively throughout this work.However, in the aspect of performance characteristics of the turbofan engine, a generic simulation will be carried out on a twin spool mixed flow turbofan engine. To relate this work to real life application, a JT8D-15A turbofan engine manufactured by Pratt and Whitney Company will be used a s the twin spool mixed flow turbofan for the simulation using the original design data. Indeed, the simulation tool that will be used is GasTurb 11 which was designed by Joachim Kurke and for more details on how it works can be found in (Kurke, 2007). This work will use the reference design point of the twin spool mixed flow turbofan at sea level with maximum take-off thrust to obtain the operating point of 30,000ft at M0 0. using the off-design performance simulation which will serve as the operating design point for the analysis in this work since the engine will spend most of its time in the cruise phase between 30000ft to 38000ft. The purpose of carrying this generic simulation of the turbofan engine is to investigate the effects of varying bypass ratio and turbine inlet temperature (thermal limit parameter) on the performance characteristics of the turbofan engine. In other words, the parametric cycle studies of the turbofan engine. This investigation will be done for three dif ferent cases which case 1 will be studying the effects of varying bypass ratio and turbine inlet temperature on the performance characteristics of the turbofan engine when some of the design choices are kept constant.The second case of study will be the comparison of the performance characteristics of the turbofan engine when three different fuels (kerosene, natural gas and Hydrogen) are used at the same mass flow rate using the same design point in case 1. Finally, the third case of study will be the comparison of the performance characteristics of the turbofan engine when the three fuels are undergoing the same combustion process that is constant turbine inlet temperature for the design point in case 1. This aspect of this analysis is very important owing to the growing problem of greenhouse effect and depletion of energy resources. In fact, statistics by the intergovernmental panel shows that aerospace industry is amongst one of the fast growing sources of greenhouse effect and t hat the emission of carbon dioxide will increase to five times what it is presently which is 3% (Symonds, 2005).Based on this, using alternative fuels like hydrogen and natural gas can tend to reduce pollution and consumption of energy resources risk and this work aims to show how that can be achieved while the overall efficiency of the engine is still high. Another approach of analysis in this work will be the use of the second law of thermodynamics analysis also known as exergy and thermoeconomics. This aspect of analysis of the turbofan engine will be done for the parametric analysis of case 2 and case 3 in efforts to also compare the three fuels that are being considered and show which fuel will cause the turbofan engine components to be most inefficient or have the most irreversibility.This analysis will be done by calculating the exergy relationships such as exergy transfer rates, exergy destruction rates, exergetic efficiencies, exergy improvement potential rates, and fuel de pletion ratios. Furthermore, the exergy analysis will be represented in a Grassmann diagram for parametric analysis case 2 of study. However, as for the thermoeconomics analysis of the turbofan engine, only parametric analysis case 3 studies will be done for only kerosene fuel and this work will aim to show how to use concept of local and global evaluation of thermoeconomic cost. 1. 2. Computational Modelling It will be very expensive and time wasting to design and develop new aircraft engine whenever an optimization or analysis wants to be done.In fact, Caoa Y, Jin, Meng and Fletcher (2005) stated that new ways should be developed to reduce aircraft engine design, maintenance and manufacturing cost in order to have effective worldwide market competition. Surprisingly, computer modelling is one approach of reducing manufacturing cost and time wasting. Computational modelling can simply be defined as the use of computer codes to replicate a typical system using some of its original d ata in order to analyse the system at varying conditions. The other side of the medallion shows simulation. There are many types of simulation tools normally used in simulating gas turbines such as Matlab/simulink, Modelica, Gas Turb 11, NPSS and many more. However, the simulation tool that will be adopted for the purpose of this dissertation is Gas Turb 11 designed by Joachim Kurzke.Gas Turb 11 is a language oriented program with a command prompt that calculates the output data without using block diagrams or graphical interface. It is user friendly in a sense that it is easy to find the tools library and to substitute data in for simulation. The Gas Turb 11 is specifically designed for simulation of all kinds of gas turbines starting from power generators to jet engines. Gas Turb 11 usually carries out two types of analysis which are the on design cycle point simulation and off-design cycle point simulation. Engine design point cycle simulation involves the study of comparing gas turbines of different geometry. This cycle design point must be defined before any other simulation can be done.On the other hand, off-design performance cycle point simulation involves the study of the behaviour of a gas turbine with known geometry. This cycle outlines the performance characteristics of each component such as performance maps, Overall efficiency. The type of simulation that will be done in this dissertation will involve the off-design and design point cycle. Chapter 2 Jet Engines 2. 1. Performance Parameter of Jet Engines 2. 2. 1. Thrust Thrust is the way of quantifying the ability of a jet engine to effectively utilise the energy added to it in order to propel or push itself forward in the opposite direction of the exiting jet in the exhaust nozzle.In other words, it is the reactive force to the force imparted by the exiting jet in the nozzle in accordance to Isaac Newton’s third law of motion. It is the most important parameter that has to be obtained for any jet engine and it depends heavily on the ingested mass of air, exiting velocity and pressure, the area of the nozzle, the flight velocity and ambient conditions. In fact, the mathematical expression for thrust which incorporates these factors is shown below as. Thrust=meVe-m0V0+Pe-P0Ae Where, e=the exit conditions at the exhaust nozzle, 0=ambient conditions at the inlet me=m0+mfuel Momentum Thrust=meVe; This is the thrust obtained from the reaction of the hot exhaust gases high velocity.Momentum Drag= m0V0 ; This the friction or drag force caused by the high velocity ingestion of air mass at the inlet. Pressure Thrust=Pe-P0Ae; This force is generated as a result of the higher exit static pressure compared to the ambient pressure which pushes back at the engine. Gross Thrust=meVe+Pe-P0Ae; It is the maximum obtainable positive thrust a jet engine can have when the drag forces are ignored. Special Cases of Thrust Take-off Thrust It is the thrust a jet engine can generate with its o wn power at static or low power setting which means the momentum drag component of thrust is ignored and the power of the engine at this point is equivalent to zero.This can be used to explain why the thrust of an engine at take-off condition is usually higher than at cruise condition since there is no momentum drag and effects of varying ambient condition. This only applies to turbojet, turbofan, and turboprop jet engines but when it comes to ramjet and scramjet, the air flow has to be accelerated by a booster system before it can start producing a positive take-off thrust. Pressure Thrust Component This is the thrust generated as a result of the static pressures of the exiting jet and ambient environment. In ideal cases where the nozzle has perfectly expanded the jet exit pressure to that of the ambient condition, the pressure thrust component will disappear which this case is not possible in reality.However, if the nozzle is choked which indicates that the ambient pressure is low er than the exit pressure of the jet, the pressure thrust component will have a positive effect on the net thrust. Also, if the nozzle tends to over expand the jet because of low energy addition to the jet and the exit pressure is lower than the ambient pressure, the pressure thrust component will have a negative effect on net thrust. 2. 2. 2. Thermal efficiency It is simply the measure at which energy in the engine system is converted. In other words, it is the measure at which total energy supplied to the engine system as heat transfer is converted to kinetic energy.In another way, it can easily be said to be the ratio of the power generated in the engine airflow to the rate at which energy is supplied in the fuel. ?TH=Power Generated in the Engine AirflowRate of Energy Supplied in the Fuel =12? meVe2-12? m0V02mfuel? NCV 2. 2. 3. Propulsive efficiency It is a measure at which kinetic energy possessed by air as it passes through the engine is converted into power of the propulsion of the engine. In mathematical terms, it is simply known as the ratio of thrust power to the power generated in the engine airflow. ?p=Thrust PowerPower Generated in the Engine Airflow = T? V012? meVe2-12? m0V02 2. 2. 4. Overall EfficiencyAs the name overall depicts, it is the resultant efficiency of a jet engine can have which is simply the product of the thermal and propulsive efficiencies. In mathematical terms, it is represented as shown below. ?O=? TH p =12? meVe2-12? m0V02mfuel? NCV? T? V012? meVe2-12? m0V02 =T? V0mfuel? NCV 2. 2. 5. Specific Fuel Consumption Specific fuel consumption as any other performance characteristics is a ratio and surprisingly it has a major effect on the economics of the aircraft as it is used to determine the aircrafts flight ticket costs. Specific fuel consumption has different expressions depending on what type of jet engine it is. For instance, in ramjet, turbojet and turbofan jet engines, it is the measure of the fuel mass flow rate to the thrus t force generated.Also, it is sometimes called the thrust specific fuel consumption (TSFC). TSFC=mfT However, in turbopropeller jet engines, it is the ratio of the fuel mass flow rate to the power generated in the engine shaft by the turbomachinery. It is sometimes referred to as the brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC). TFSC=mfSP 2. 2. Fuel and Propellants for Jet Engines Fuels can implicitly be defined as substances used to add heat energy to a system through combustion or other processes. Fuels are mostly hydrocarbons like kerosene, diesel, petrol, alcohol, paraffin and butane and can also be in the form of individually free reactive molecular substances like hydrogen or chemical composites like natural gas, coal, wood.The gaseous state substances used as fuels such as hydrogen, and natural gas (94% methane and 6% ethane) are usually made into a cryogenic state as in liquefied at very low temperature because of their low boiling point. It can easily be asserted by anyone that t he only purpose that fuels have in jet engines is to add energy but little do they know that the purposes grows as the speed of the aircraft increases. For instance, Kerrebrock (2002) stated that supersonic aircrafts which attains very high stagnation temperature that can create destabilization to the airframe structure, engine component and organic substances like lubricants, uses its fuel as a coolant to this parts or components.The energy added by the fuel burned per unit mass of air flow is called the heating value of the fuel and it is a very crucial parameter to be defined before any combustion process analysis is done on a jet engine since it shows how complete the combustion process is through efficiency. The heating value can either be said to be higher or lower depending on if the water product of combustion is a vapour or a liquid. Since the combustion process in jet engine produces vaporised water, the lower heating value of the fuel is used. The most frequently used fue ls for jet engines are kerosene jet A1, A2, JP10 and many more but diesel can also be used. The disadvantages of these fuels are their inevitable emission of toxic substances that contribute to greenhouse effect and their risk of depletion.Accordingly, this has been the driving force for the use of alternative fuels such as cryogenic hydrogen and natural gas which is believed will reduce toxic emissions. Besides, hydrogen is a carbon-free energy carrier and possesses almost no risk of toxic emission since most of its combustion product will be water Chiesa and Laozza (2005). Chapter 3 Turbofan Jet Engine 3. 1. Introduction Between 1936 and the next decade when turbofan engines were invented, people showed little or no interest in them as they described them to be a complicated version of a turbojet engine. However, in 1956, the benefits of turbofan engines started to be noticed as major companies like Rolls-Royce and General Electric began manufacturing them.Since then, it is been o ne of the most used jet engine for commercial purposes because of its low fuel consumption and less noise production. In fact, it has been concluded to be the most reliable jet engine ever manufactured El –Sayed (2008). The turbofan jet engine gas generator unit comprises of a fan unit, compressor section, combustion chamber and turbine unit. Fundamentally, a turbofan jet engine operates as a result of the compressors pressuring air and supplying it afterwards for further processing. The majority of the pressurised air is bypassed around the core of the engine through a duct to be mixed or exhausted whereas the rest of it flows into the main engine core where it combusts with the fuel in the combustion chamber.The hot expanded gas products from the combustion process passes through the turbine thereby rotating the turbine as it leaves the engine. Consequently, the rotating turbine spins the engine spool which in turn rotates the other turbo machinery in the engine. This cause s the front fan to pressurise more and more air into the engine for the process to start all over again in continuous state. The turbofan engine is believed to be the perfect combination of the turboprop and turbojet engine and as a result, its advantages are usually compared to that of the turboprop and turbojet. In fact, Kerrebrock (1992) said that turbofan engine provides a better way of improving the propulsive efficiency of a basic turbojet.It is asserted that at low power setting, low altitude condition and low speed, the turbofan engine is more fuel efficient and has better performance than a turbojet engine. Unlike turboprop engine where vibration occurs in the propeller blades at relative low velocities, the fan in the turbofan engine can attain high relative velocities of Mach 0. 9 before vibration occurs. Also, since the fan in turbofan engines has many blades, it is more stable than the single propeller so even if the vibration velocity is reached, the vibration will not destabilize the airflow because the vibrations are almost negligible. Since the flow into the diffuser of the turbofan is usually subsonic, there very slim chances of shock waves being developed at the entrance. 3. 2. Classification of Turbofan EnginesThere are various types of turbofan engine ranging from high and low bypass ratio, afterburning and non-afterburning, mixed and unmixed flow with multi-spool, after fan and geared or ungeared. The classification of the various types of turbofan engines is shown below in figure 1. Nonetheless, the type of turbofan engine that would be used for the purpose of this dissertation is a forward fan two spool mixed flow turbofan engine. This type of turbofan engine was chosen because it is the compromise of a simple and complex turbofan engine. This is said because it comprises of almost all the classes of a turbofan which are low bypass ratio, forward fan with mixed flow, twin spool with ungeared fan.Moreover, because of the mixed flow intro duced, it produces additional thrust in the hot nozzle compared to the high bypass and it can also permit the addition of afterburner which produces a lot of thrust while consuming a lot of fuel which makes it suitable for military application which shows little worry on fuel consumption. In essence, carrying out a study on this type of turbofan engine will be of great relevance to the military air force sector especially if new research is discovered. TURBOFAN ENGINES Low Bypass Ratio Aft Fan Forward Fan Nonafterburning Afterburning High Bypass Ratio Geared Fan Single Spool Short Duct Ungeared Fan Two Spool Mixed Fan and Core Flow Unmixed Flow Long Duct Three SpoolFigure 1 Classification of Turbofan Jet Engines (El-sayed, 2008) 3. 3. Major Components of Turbofan Engine 3. 4. 1. Diffuser or Inlet Diffuser is the first component that air encounters as it flows into the engine. Basically, the purpose of a diffuser is to suck in air smoothly into the engine, reduce the velocity of the air, increase the static pressure of the air and finally, supply the air in a uniform flow to the compressor. Given the fact that overall performance of an engine is highly dependent on the pressure supplied to the burner, it is necessary to design a diffuser that incurs the minimum amount of pressure loss.To demonstrate this, Flack (2005) stated that if the diffuser incurs a large total pressure loss, the total pressure in the burner will be reduced by the compressor total pressure ratio time this loss. In other words, a small pressure drop in the diffuser can translate into a significant drop in the total pressure supplied to the burner. Another point taken into consideration when designing a diffuser is the angle because if the angle is too big, there will be tendency of eddy flow generation due to early separation. The major causes of pressure losses in the diffuser are as follows. First, losses due to generation of shock waves outside the diffuser and it majorly occur in super sonic diffusers.Secondly, the loss due to the unfavourable or adverse pressure gradient of the diffuser geometry which makes the flow separate a lot earlier and generates eddies. This separation causes a convergent area which makes the velocity not to be reduced by much. Due to the separation, the wall shear deteriorates the static pressure even further. Further analysis done by El-Sayed (2008), describes ways of accounting for this losses like using Fanno line flow and combined area and friction. Thermodynamic Process Equation In this analysis, the loss due to heat transfer is negligible so the process can be adiabatic. The initial kinetic energy is used to raise the static pressure p0 to the total pressure ? =pt2pt0 (inlet pressure recovery) efficiency ? d=IdealReal=ht2s-h0ht2-h0 assuming the gas is ideal and the specific heat at constant pressure is constant efficiency ? d=Tt2s-T0Tt2-T0 simplifying the equation given that ht0=ht2=ht2s and Tt2=Tt0and pt2s=pt2 TtT0=1+? -12M02 and T tT0=ptp0? -1? pt2p0=1+ ? d? -12M02 -1 3. 4. 2. Fan And Compressors Compressor is a very crucial component for the operation of an engine in the sense that it prepares the air for the combustion process in the burner. The main purpose of a compressor as the first rotating component is to use its rotating blades to add kinetic energy to the air and later translate it into total pressure increase.There are basically two types of compressors which are the centrifugal and the axial compressor. Firstly, centrifugal compressor as the name implies changes the direction of an axial airflow to a radial outflow of the air. It was the early compressors adapted in jet engines. It comprises of three main parts which are the impellers, the diffusers and the compressor manifold. The purpose of the impeller is to change the direction of the flow from axial to radial and at the same time increases its static pressure. The diffuser slows down the airflow and further increase the static pressure as it is supplied axially by the compressor manifold to the combustion chamber.The centrifugal compressor is advantageous because the cost of manufacturing it is low compared to axial compressor and as a result is suitable for small engines like turboshafts and turboprops. It is also advantageous because the pressure ratios at single stage are higher than that of the axial compressor. The centrifugal compressor has the tendency of attaining low flow rates and as a result is ideally suitable for helicopters and small aircrafts which require low flow rates. On the other hand, the centrifugal compressor cannot attain high pressure ratio and so it is not suitable when high peak efficiency is required. It incurs a lot of losses due to the change in direction. Secondly, an axial compressor is the most reliable type of compressor and is usually applied when higher pressure ratios of up to 40:1 are required.An axial compressor does not change the axial flow direction of the air but increases the total pressure. Indeed, an axial compressor comprises of three major components which are the rotor with blades, stator can and the inlet guide vane. A stage is a combination of a stator and a rotor. The assembly of the full rotor blade and stator can form the number of stages in a compressor and the greater the number of stages, the higher the total pressure ratio. In this arrangement, the air flows into the inlet guide vane and then into the rotor and stator assembly where compression starts. Also, the length of the rotor and stator reduces along the whole unit which signifies a reduction in volume which induces the increase in pressure.A fan or low pressure compressor is a type of axial compressor but the only differences are that the blades are longer, the total pressure ratio is lower than the typical compressor and the number of stages is usually 1 or 2. The main purpose of creating a fan is to compress more air and to create a bypass air which can be used to generate addition thrust or used for mixing process. Fan Equation Process Given that, isentropic efficiency ? fan= Ideal CycleActual cycle=ht3s-ht2ht3-ht2 Since the specific heat is constant, the equation deduces to ? fan=Tt3s-Tt2Tt3-Tt2 Simplifying the equation whenpt3s=pt3, Tt3sTt2=pt3pt2? -1? , ? fan=pt3pt2 and ? fan=Tt3Tt2 ? fan=? fan? -1? -1? fan-1 Bypass Ratio=msma where ms is the bypass flow rate and ma is the engine core flow rate.For the high pressure compressor, the equations remain the same as that of the fan except the changes in station numbering and the bypass ratio. 3. 4. 3. Combustion Chamber/ Burner The combustion chamber as the Brayton cycle implies is the only source of heat energy addition to the system. Accordingly, the combustion chamber causes very significant increase in the temperature of the air which results in the air gaining enormous internal energy. This energy gained is extracted to be used to power the turbine while the rest is used to create highly accelerated gases from the nozzle. There are three types of combustor namely; the can combustor, the annular combustor and the cannular combustor.The main considerations when designing a combustion chamber is to ensure that the combustion process is complete with no fuel waste, the combustor should have long life materials because any failure can lead to engine explosion. The other consideration is that the air must be heated enough above the ignition fuel temperature in order to ensure stoichiometric combustion. Equations of the Combustion Chamber In the real process of the combustor, total and static pressure drops and the temperature also drop. The major causes of pressure losses are the high level of irreversibility or non-isentropic process and viscous effects in the burner. The burner pressure ratio ? =pt5pt4Burner temperature ratio ? b=Tt5Tt4 Since no work is done only heat transfer, the efficiency of the burner is analysed using the heating value NCV of the fuel used. Thus, efficiency ? b=hea t addedHeating value of fuel=ma+mfht5-maht4NCVmf Given that f=mfma, ? b= 1+fht5- ht4NCVf Equivalence Ratio of combustion It is the ratio of the actual fuel to air ratio of the combustion process to the stoichiometric fuel to air ratio. This ratio produces a means of classifying the combustion process to show whether it is a lean, rich or stoichiometric combustion. The mathematical expression for this is as shown below ? =Actual FARStiochiometric FAR 1 Rich combustion process 3. 4. 4. Turbine Turbine can simply be said to be the antonym of a compressor. In response, a turbine extracts molecular kinetic energy from the air and uses it to drive the turbo machineries which results in the pressure and temperature of the air to drop. If truth be told, Flack (2005) asserted that the turbine uses 70% to 80% of the total energy gained by the air in the combustion chamber to drive the turbo machineries while the remaining 20% to 30% is used to generate thrust in the nozzle.Since the geometry of a turbine have favourable pressure gradient unlike the compressor which is adverse, the efficiency of the turbine is usually very high. Since the turbine is the opposite of the compressor, it has exactly the same configuration of rotor and stator but the volume increase across it which induces the pressure drop. One major problem faced when design a turbine is the deterioration of the blades due to high inlet temperature from the combustion chamber. Based on this, (Song et al. 2002) demonstrated that General Electric uses about 16. 8% of the compressor air to cool the turbine blades of GE 7f engine. Turbine Equation Analysis Given that, Turbine efficiency ? T=ActualIdeal=ht6-ht5ht6s-ht5 T=Tt6-Tt5Tt6s-Tt5 Simplifying the equation given that pt6s=pt6 Tt6sTt5=pt6pt5? -1? ?T=pt6pt5 ? T=Tt6Tt5 ?T=? T-1? T? -1? -1 3. 4. 5. Exhaust Nozzle The nozzle is the final component of the jet engine that the air passes through. The main purposes of the nozzle is to add extra acceleration to the h igh velocity exiting air, reduces its total pressure to that of ambient condition and finally generate sufficient thrust. There are two conditions that occur in the exit of the nozzle depending on the ambient pressure. The first condition is termed under-expansion which occurs when the ambient pressure is less than the exit pressure of the gases.The result of this is that the exit velocity will be lower than it normally is and this makes the momentum component of thrust to be lower than ideal. On the other hand, it will create a positive thrust component for the pressure terms. The second case termed as overexpansion which occurs when the ambient pressure is greater than the exit pressure of the gases. Consequentially, the opposite of what happens in the under-expansion condition occurs where the pressure term is lower and the momentum is higher. Nozzle efficiency ? n=ActualIdeal=ht8-h9ht8-h9s=Tt8-T9Tt8-T9s for constant specific heat Using the steady state energy equation and balanc ing it out, U9=2ht8-h9 . When specific heat is constant U9=2cpTt8-T9 p9pt8=T9sTt8? -1? T9Tt8=11+? -12M92 p9pt8=11+? -12M92-1+ ? n ? n 3. 4.Thermodynamic Process and Cycle of Twin Spool Mixed Flow Turbofan Engine Before any explanation is done from Figure 2, the blue arrows represent the incoming air into the diffuser and the red represent the air flow into the core of the engine while the black arrow represent the bypass air flow through the fan. Finally, the brown arrow represents the air flow after the bypass air and the core air flow have mixed. Based on the arrangement of the turbofan engine in figure 2, it can be seen that air at ambient condition is sucked into the diffuser where the air velocity is reduced and some of its kinetic energy is used to increase the static pressure to the total pressure. The air exiting the diffuser enters the fan or low pressure compressor where it is compressed. Indeed, the molecules of the air gains kinetic and internal energy by colliding rapid ly with one another and as a result increase the enthalpy and static pressure.Also, in the fan, some of the compressed air is bypassed through a duct to be used for the mixing process later while the rest of the air enters into the high pressure compressor of the engine core. In the high pressure compressor, the air is further compressed where the enthalpy and pressure increases as it is released into the combustion chamber. Also, in the high pressure compressor, some of the air mass flow rate is bled out to be used to cool the turbine blades and for air conditioning in the aircraft. In the combustion chamber, the incoming fuel reacts with the air in an oxidation process at constant pressure where the by-product gases gain molecular kinetic energy thereby increasing the enthalpy.This high temperature gases escapes into the high pressure turbine where it is expanded and the gases lose some of their kinetic molecular energy as it enthalpy and static pressure reduces. In other words, i t can be said that the molecular kinetic energy of the gases is being converted to mechanical work which is used to power the high pressure spool. Consequently, the gases enters into the low pressure turbine where it is further expanded to a lower pressure and enthalpy as their molecular kinetic energy is converted to mechanical work to power the low pressure spool. These gases escaping from the low pressure turbine enters the mixing zone or mixer after it has lost most of its total enthalpy and mixes with the bypassed cold air from the duct to further reduce its enthalpy as that of the cold air increases.In other words, the cold air absorbs some of the heat energy from the hot gases until they both attain equilibrium enthalpy. The mixture of the cold air and hot gases both escape at the same equilibrium enthalpy and pressure through the nozzle where their velocity is increased and the pressure is reduced considerably to that of the ambient condition. Furthermore, the exhausted high velocity gases is used to produced thrust for propulsion according to Newton’s third law of motion (In every action, there is equal and opposite reaction). 2 4. 5 6 4 13 0 HPC DIFFUSER FAN/LPC HPT LPT NOZZLE COMBUSTION CHAMBER 2. 5 3 5 8 16 BYPASS DUCT HP Spool LP Spool MIXING ZONEFigure 2 Layout of a Forward Fan Twin Spool Mixed Flow Turbofan Engine P0 P3 P4. 5 P5 P8 P6 P2. 5 P2 P13 P4 ENTROPY (S)(kJ/kg) TEMPERATURE (K) Figure 3 T-S Diagrams for the Forward Fan Twin Spool Mixed Flow Turbofan Engine Chapter 4 Mathematical and Gas Turb 11 Modelling of the Engine 4. 1. Station Numbering and Assumptions Station numbering is a very crucial step that has to be taken when analysis of any thermodynamic system involving many processes is to be done. Moreover, station numbering contributes immensely to showing how the properties of one process relate to another and how the interaction between these processes derives the functional relationship of the thermodynamic system.Returning to the work in hand, the station numbering system that has been adopted for this work on a JT8D-15A turbofan engine is in accordance with the Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) and it is shown in figure 2. Assumptions The following assumption were made based on Mattingly (2002) and Kurzke (2007) in order to perform the modelling as listed below * The air flow through the engine is assumed to be steady and one dimensional * The fan and the low pressure Compressor are driven by the low pressure turbine * The overall engine is assumed to have no bleeds in mass flow or power off-take in turbine. * The nozzle of the engine is choked which means the exit pressure will be greater than the ambient pressure. The air is assumed to act as a half ideal gas where the specific heat and ratio is dependent on temperature only. * The areas of each station of the engine is assumed to be constant 4. 2. Design Point Cycle Analysis of the Turbofan Engine The off-design or performance cycle analysis cann ot be done without the design point cycle being defined. The design point cycle in this analysis is obtained using exactly the same data used in the actual test analysis for a JT8D-15A turbofan engine operating at sea level with maximum take-off thrust as shown in (â€Å"JT8D Typical Temperature and Pressure†) and (â€Å"ICAO†). Some of the input parameters such as the isentropic efficiencies and pressure ratios from the actual test data had to be calculated.Since not all the input parameters were given from the actual test data, some of the parameters like inlet corrected mass flow rate, diffuser pressure ratio and efficiency; mechanical spool efficiency had to be guessed in order to complete the analysis and the data are represented below in Table 1. With all the Input Parameter being specified as shown in table 1, the design point cycle simulation of the JT8D-15A turbofan Engine using the Gas Turb 11 software can then be performed. All the steps taken to model the m ixed flow turbofan engine on Gas Turb 11 is clearly represented in the algorithm shown in figure 3 below. COMPONENT| INPUT PARAMETER| | DIFFUSER| Pressure Ratio (? d)| 1| | Inlet Corrected Mass Flow Rate (mc2)| 138. 618 kg/s| FAN| Pressure Ratio (? fan)| 2. 054| | Isentropic Efficiency (? fan)| 0. 78| | Bypass Ratio (? )| 1. 08| Low Pressure Compressor (LPC)| Pressure Ratio (? LPC)| 4. 7| | Isentropic Efficiency (? LPC)| 0. 88| | Nominal Low Pressure Shaft Speed (NLP)| 8160RPM| High Pressure Compressor (HPC)| Pressure Ratio (? HPC)| 3. 77| | Isentropic Efficiency (? HPC)| 0. 864| | Nominal Low Pressure Shaft Speed (NHP)| 11420RPM| Combustion Chamber (cc)| Pressure Ratio (? CC)| 0. 934| | Isentropic Efficiency (? CC)| 0. 99| | Burner Exit Temperature (TIT)| 1277. 15K| High Pressure Turbine (HPT)| Isentropic Efficiency (? HPT)| 0. 9| | HP Spool Mechanical efficiency (? m)| 1| Low Pressure Turbine (LPT)| Isentropic Efficiency (? LPT)| 0. 91| | LP Spool Mechanical efficiency (? m)| 1| T able 1 Input Parameters for the Design Point Cycle Simulation STARTSpecify all the input data gotten from the actual test data as shown in Table 1 Run the Gasturb 11 software and select mixed flow turbofan from the drag down Tab list. Set the scope to ‘More’, set the Calculation Mode as Design and click ‘Run’ Choose the Units to either Imperial or SI and Select the type of fuel from to drop down list to Kerosene, Natural Gas or Hydrogen Estimate the inlet Corrected mc2 Mass Flow rate to the FAN/LPC Choose ‘Single Cycle’ for ‘Select a Task ‘Option and click ‘Run’ Check if the Thrust, SFC, ? HPT, ? LPT and EPR are within (0-10) % of the actual test Experiment END YES NO Figure 4 Design Point Cycle Simulation Algorithm Using Gas Turb 11 Verification of the Design Point simulation ResultsSince not all the input parameters were specified in the actual test data and some of them had to be guessed, it is without any doubt that errors are bound to generate in the simulation results using the Gas Turb 11 software. In order to ensure that the errors accumulated in the simulation were within range, the major output parameters obtained such as net thrust, fuel flow rate, Engine exit pressure ratio, etc were compared to the actual test data as shown in Table 2 and the error range was calculated to be between 0. 25% to 8. 5% which is within an acceptable range. PARAMETERS| ACTUAL TEST DATA| SIMULATED DATA USING GASTURB 11| Net Thrust| 69307. 74| 69320| Engine Exit Pressure Ratio P8P0| 2. 09| 2. 167|Burner Fuel Flow| 1. 100843| 1. 09781| HPT pressure Ratio (? HPT)| 0. 415| 0. 449| LPT Pressure Ratio (? LPT)| 0. 3294| 0. 3514| HPT temperature Ratio (? HPT)| 0. 8097| 0. 8435| LPT temperature Ratio (? LPT)| 0. 7718| 0. 793| Table 2 Comparison Table for the Actual Test Data and Simulated Data Using GasTurb 11 4. 3. Off-Design Point Cycle Simulation of the Turbofan Engine The off-design or performance cycle simulatio n takes into account the concept of module matching of each component through performance maps. This cycle analysis enables the determination of different operating point of the engine at a given design point of the engine.Considering the work in hand, the design point have been defined and verified for the JT8D-15A turbofan engine operating at sea level with maximum take-off thrust which means that different operating points of the engine can be defined with the concept of off-design module matching of the engine. Indeed, the off-design operating point that was considered for the parametric analysis in this work was 30,000ft at M0 0. 8 for the turbofan engine. The off-design modelling of the JT8D-15A engine for the operating point of 30,000ft at M0 0. 8 based on the reference design point defined earlier is clearly demonstrated as follows. The off-design performance cycle simulation may contain some errors because of the component performance maps that were used for the simulation. 4. 3. 1. Module/Component Matching This process only applies to the off-design performance cycle point of the engine.It can simply be defined as the act of synchronising each component of a jet engine to coexist as a unit in order to derive the overall performance characteristics of the jet engine. Component matching involves the process closely studying the ramifications of the actual jet engine overall performance behaviour on the components major characteristics such as pressure ratio, temperature ratio, efficiency and spool speed. This process introduces the concept of empirically determined component performance maps that establishes the relationship between the thermodynamic properties and the geometry of the jet engine itself. 4. 3. 2. Off-Design Component Modelling Diffuser The diffuser was assumed to be adiabatic and the pressure ratio ? d=1 The Isentropic Efficiency was assumed to be 1 For Sea Level,Pamb=101325pa , Tamb=288. 15K For 30,000ft and M0 0. 8, Tamb=288. 15-0. 0 065? 9144 =288. 15-59. 436 =228. 71K Pamb=101325? Tamb288. 155. 2561 =30. 09kpa Tt1=228. 71? 1+? -12M02 =228. 71? 1+1. 4-12? 0. 82 =258K pt1p0=1+ ? d? -12M02 -1 pt1=30. 09? 1+ 1? 1. 4-120. 821. 41. 4-1 pt1=45. 8674kPa pt1=pt2 Tt1=Tt2 Fan and Low Pressure Compressor The inlet corrected mass flow rate is estimated as 138. 618kg/s , As for the off design simulation using the component performance maps for the altitude of 30000ft and Mach no. 0. 8, the actual spool speeds and inlet mass flow rate are calculated based on the estimated inlet corrected mass flow rate as shown below.Low and High pressure spool mechanical efficiency is assumed to be=1 HP spool Speed=11420RPM, LP spool Speed=8160RPM m2=Pt2PSTD? mc2Tt2TSTD =45. 878101. 325? 138. 618258288. 15 Actual Mass flow rate m2=66. 3323kg/s N=Tt2TSTD? NcLP=228. 71288. 15? 8160=7722 RPM The calculated actual mass flow rate and spool speed were used to evaluation the isentropic efficiency and the pressure ratio of the LPC for that operatin g condition from the compressor performance map. Figure 5 Example of a Compressor Performance Map/Curve The diagram above in figure 4 depicts a typical compressor performance map that was used for the off-design point analysis in this work.It can be seen that the x-axis represents the inlet corrected mass flow rate mc2 into the compressor, the y-axis represents the compressor pressure, the red contour lines represents the isentropic efficiencies and the black curved lines represent the relative corrected spool speed. To add to that, the red dash line that ends the speed lines and efficiency lines represent the surge margin which is also known as the stall line that must be avoided since the flow will become unstable in that region. In this work, the inlet corrected mass flow rate and spool speed were calculated which were interpolated on the performance map to obtain the pressure ratio and the isentropic efficiency.For instance, the yellow dot on the map represents a design point tr aced for a given pressure ratio, High Pressure Compressor The inlet corrected mass flow rate into the HPC mc2. 5=mc21+? mc2. 5=138. 6182. 08=66. 64kgs m2. 5=Pt2. 5PSTD? mc2. 5Tt2. 5TSTD N=Tt2. 5TSTD? NcHP The same equation used for the LPC is used to calculate the actual mass flow rate and spool speed which is used to evaluate the isentropic efficiency and pressure ratio when it is operating at an altitude of 30000ft at M0 =0. 8. Verification of the off-design modelling for 30000ft at Mo 0. 8 In order to verify the simulation result gotten for the operational design point of 30000ft at M0 0. , the actual test data results gotten from Mattingly, Heiser and Pratt (2002) for the same operating condition was compared. Due to the difficulties in obtaining a lot of output parameters for this operating point, the result will be verified with only the net thrust generated and the specific fuel consumption. Indeed, the error accumulated was 1. 71% for the net thrust and 0. 83% for the specif ic fuel consumption. PARAMETERS| ACTUAL TEST DATA| SIMULATED DATA USING GASTURB 11| Net Thrust (lb)| 4920| 4836| Specific Fuel Consumption(lb/lbh)| 0. 779| 0. 7855| Table 3 Comparison Table for the Actual Test Data and Simulated Off-design Data Using GasTurb 11 Chapter 5Methodology, Results and Discussions Given that the design point of the JT8D-15A turbofan engine at sea level has been obtained and verified with the actual test data, the operating point of 30000ft at M0 0. 8 was simulated and obtained which now served as the design point for the analysis in this work. Moreover, the procedure taken to define this design point of 30000ft at M0 0. 8 of the JT8D-15A turbofan engine has been clearly stated earlier which gives the permission to conduct the parametric cycle study of the turbofan engine. The parametric cycle studies were done for three different cases for the operational design point of 30000ft at M0 0. of the JT8D-15A turbofan engine as explained as follows. 1. The first parametric analysis case 1 aim to create an understanding of the effects of varying major design parameters on the performance parameters of the turbofan engine when some of the design choices are kept constant. In other words, the bypass ratio and thermal limit parameter (turbine inlet temperature) were varied when the design choices such as the compressor pressure ratio, fan pressure ratio and isentropic efficiencies were kept constant in order to investigate their effects on the performance parameters such as the net thrust, specific fuel consumption, propulsive efficiency, thermal efficiency, and fuel-air-ratio.Much interest is shown nowadays in using alternative fuels like hydrogen and Natural gas in efforts to reduce the cancer known as pollution and the risk of depletion of energy resources. Based on this, conducting a research that focuses of comparing different fuels consumption rate, their risk of pollution and their contribution to the performance of the engine will be re ally valuable. Based on this, a parametric analysis had to be done on the JT8D-15A turbofan engine using three different fuels which are the design point fuel kerosene, hydrogen and natural gas. Since the original design point of the JT8D-15A turbofan was obtained using kerosene fuel, the design points of using hydrogen and natural gas was obtained using the same design choices as that of kerosene.Now that the design points of the JT8D-15A turbofan engine had been defined when using the three different fuels, it had given a go ahead to perform whatever parametric cycle studies of the turbofan engine using the three fuels. In order to compare the performance characteristics of the turbofan engine when it is using the three different fuels, different approaches had to be devised to compare them effectively on a rational basis which defines the last two parametric analysis cases as follows. 2. The second case of parametric analysis was that the fuel flow rate would be kept constant for the three fuels that would be used as the bypass ratio is varied with design choices remaining the same. 3.The third case of study was to make the energy supply into the combustion chamber of the turbofan engine the sa